PubMed:25156158 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PubMed/sourceid/25156158","sourcedb":"PubMed","sourceid":"25156158","source_url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25156158","text":"Evaluating the Teratogenicity of Ritodrine and Nifedipine using a Frog Embryo Teratogenesis assay (FETAX).\nThe Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) was used to assess the teratogenic potential of two tocolytics. Embryos of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, were exposed to ritodrine or nifedipine. Exposure media were changed and monitored at 24-hour intervals. The 96-hour LC50 (Lethal concentration), the 96-hour EC50 (Malformation), and the No Observable Adverse Effect Concentrations (NOAEC) and the Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Concentration (LOAEC) for mortality, malformation and length were determined for each drug. Nifedipine was determined to be the more toxic and teratogenic than ritodrine, with a LC50 of 0.606 µg/L, an EC50 of 0.006 µg/L, and a teratogenicity Index (TI) value (LC50/EC50) of 101. On the other hand, the LC50 of ritodrine was 28.571 mg/L. In addition; the LC50, EC50 and TI values for nifedipine in the 5 mg/L ritodrine + nifedipine combination group were determined as 1.050 µg/L, 0.868 µg/L and 1.5 respectively. For ritodrine, the NOAEC and LOAEC values were determined as 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L, respectively. For the nifedipine and the ritodrine + nifedipine groups; while the LOAEC values of these groups were 0.0001 µg/L and 0.1 µg/L, respectively. NOAEC value couldn't be determined. Our results demonstrated that nifedipine administration was associated with higher levels of teratogenic and toxic effects. However, the ritodrine + nifedipine combination form reduced the toxic and teratogenic effects of nifedipine on Xenopus embryos. Further studies should be conducted in order to investigate the optimal combination concentrations of these substances for the treatment of preterm labor.","tracks":[{"project":"PubMed_ArguminSci","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":107,"end":122},"obj":"DRI_Approach"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":151,"end":222},"obj":"DRI_Approach"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":223,"end":321},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":322,"end":385},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":653,"end":839},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":840,"end":897},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":898,"end":1073},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1167},"obj":"DRI_Approach"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1309},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1310,"end":1345},"obj":"DRI_Approach"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1346,"end":1469},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1470,"end":1598},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1599,"end":1753},"obj":"DRI_Approach"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"PubMed_ArguminSci"}]},{"project":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":64,"end":65},"obj":"CVCL_6479|Finite_cell_line|Mus musculus"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":66,"end":70},"obj":"CVCL_0C97|Cancer_cell_line|Canis lupus familiaris"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":111,"end":115},"obj":"CVCL_0C97|Cancer_cell_line|Canis lupus familiaris"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":259,"end":263},"obj":"CVCL_0C97|Cancer_cell_line|Canis lupus familiaris"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":342,"end":349},"obj":"CVCL_0238|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":439,"end":443},"obj":"CVCL_IR37|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":737,"end":738},"obj":"CVCL_6479|Finite_cell_line|Mus musculus"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":759,"end":761},"obj":"CVCL_8754|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":759,"end":761},"obj":"CVCL_H241|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":762,"end":766},"obj":"CVCL_IR37|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":786,"end":787},"obj":"CVCL_6479|Finite_cell_line|Mus musculus"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":826,"end":830},"obj":"CVCL_IR37|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":921,"end":925},"obj":"CVCL_IR37|Cancer_cell_line|Homo sapiens"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1136},"obj":"CVCL_XH98|Hybridoma|Mus musculus"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1142,"end":1147},"obj":"CVCL_K225|Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell|Homo sapiens"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus"}]},{"project":"GoldHamster","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":33,"end":42},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":33,"end":42},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":33,"end":42},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":47,"end":57},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":47,"end":57},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":47,"end":57},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":47,"end":57},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":66,"end":70},"obj":"CVCL_0C97"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":71,"end":77},"obj":"UBERON:0000922"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":78,"end":91},"obj":"D064793"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":78,"end":91},"obj":"D064793"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":111,"end":115},"obj":"CVCL_0C97"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":116,"end":122},"obj":"UBERON:0000922"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":123,"end":136},"obj":"D064793"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":123,"end":136},"obj":"D064793"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"451443"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"451444"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"288623"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"1589957"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"8364"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"D014981"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"698687"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":143,"end":150},"obj":"224340"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":1483,"end":1492},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":1483,"end":1492},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":211,"end":221},"obj":"D015149"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":211,"end":221},"obj":"D015149"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":211,"end":221},"obj":"CHEBI:66993"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":244,"end":263},"obj":"8355"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":252,"end":279},"obj":"8355"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":259,"end":263},"obj":"CVCL_0C97"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":297,"end":306},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":297,"end":306},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":297,"end":306},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":310,"end":320},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":310,"end":320},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":310,"end":320},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":310,"end":320},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":439,"end":443},"obj":"CVCL_IR37"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":647,"end":651},"obj":"CHEBI:23888"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":653,"end":663},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":653,"end":663},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":653,"end":663},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":653,"end":663},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":721,"end":730},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":721,"end":730},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":721,"end":730},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":762,"end":766},"obj":"CVCL_IR37"},{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":826,"end":830},"obj":"CVCL_IR37"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":871,"end":880},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":871,"end":880},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":871,"end":880},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":921,"end":925},"obj":"CVCL_IR37"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":944,"end":954},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":944,"end":954},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":944,"end":954},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":944,"end":954},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":969,"end":978},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":969,"end":978},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":969,"end":978},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":981,"end":991},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":981,"end":991},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":981,"end":991},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":981,"end":991},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1087},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1087},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1087},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":1176,"end":1186},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":1176,"end":1186},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":1176,"end":1186},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":1176,"end":1186},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":1195,"end":1204},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":1195,"end":1204},"obj":"D012312"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":1195,"end":1204},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":1207,"end":1217},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":1207,"end":1217},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":1207,"end":1217},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":1207,"end":1217},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":1376,"end":1386},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":1376,"end":1386},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":1376,"end":1386},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":1376,"end":1386},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":1483,"end":1492},"obj":"CHEBI:8872"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":1495,"end":1505},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":1495,"end":1505},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":1495,"end":1505},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":1495,"end":1505},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":1568,"end":1578},"obj":"7417"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":1568,"end":1578},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":1568,"end":1578},"obj":"CHEBI:7565"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":1568,"end":1578},"obj":"D009543"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"451443"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"451444"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"288623"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"1589957"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"8364"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"D014981"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"698687"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":1582,"end":1589},"obj":"224340"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":1739,"end":1752},"obj":"D007752"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":1739,"end":1752},"obj":"D007752"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T21","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T22","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T23","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T118","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T119","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T24","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T25","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T26","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T27","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T30","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T31","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T42","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T43","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T44","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T45","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T46","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T47","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T48","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T50","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T51","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T52","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T53","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T54","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T55","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T56","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T57","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T58","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T59","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T60","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T61","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T62","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T63","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T64","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T65","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T66","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T67","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T68","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T69","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T70","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T71","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T72","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T73","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T74","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T75","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T90","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T91","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T92","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T103","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T104","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T105","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T106","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T107","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T108","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T109","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T110","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T111","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T112","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T113","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T114","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T115","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T116","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T117","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T120","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T121","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T122","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T123","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T124","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T125","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T126","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T127","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T128","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T129","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T130","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T131","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T132","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T133","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T134","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T135","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T136","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T137","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"},{"subj":"T138","pred":"source","obj":"GoldHamster"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"PubMed_ArguminSci","color":"#93beec","default":true},{"id":"Goldhamster2_Cellosaurus","color":"#d8ec93"},{"id":"GoldHamster","color":"#e593ec"}]}]}}