PubMed:15815585
Annnotations
c_corpus
{"project":"c_corpus","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P05305"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"CHEBI:80240"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"D019332"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"D019332"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":68,"end":73},"obj":"UBERON:6110636"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":68,"end":73},"obj":"UBERON:0000955"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":68,"end":79},"obj":"D001929"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":68,"end":79},"obj":"D001929"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":86,"end":108},"obj":"UBERON:0001627"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":86,"end":118},"obj":"D020244"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":86,"end":118},"obj":"D020244"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":123,"end":132},"obj":"GO:0015250"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"Q5I4F9"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"P55088"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"Q923J4"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"O77750"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"P55087"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"P47863"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"PR:000004184"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"G5CTG1"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":123,"end":134},"obj":"D051401"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P05305"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"CHEBI:80240"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"D019332"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":211,"end":223},"obj":"D019332"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"PR:F4JU69"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":267,"end":273},"obj":"UBERON:0001969"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":277,"end":296},"obj":"UBERON:0001359"},{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"PR:F4JU69"},{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":334,"end":338},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":339,"end":343},"obj":"SO:0000234"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":339,"end":343},"obj":"D012333"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":339,"end":343},"obj":"CHEBI:33699"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":375,"end":382},"obj":"D000860"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":375,"end":382},"obj":"D000860"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":383,"end":391},"obj":"D007511"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":383,"end":391},"obj":"D007511"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"PR:F4JU69"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":435,"end":439},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":496,"end":513},"obj":"D002545"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":496,"end":513},"obj":"D002545"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":536,"end":546},"obj":"SO:0000781"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":536,"end":552},"obj":"D008822"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"PR:F4JU69"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":576,"end":580},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":596,"end":601},"obj":"PR:Q5FWH3"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":596,"end":601},"obj":"PR:P53192"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":596,"end":601},"obj":"PR:Q5ACW6"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":596,"end":601},"obj":"PR:Q9HGM2"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"D005904"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"P47819"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"P14136"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"PR:000007939"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"Q28115"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"Q58EE9"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"Q5RA72"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"P03995"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"P48677"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"GO:0045101"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":613,"end":644},"obj":"GO:0045098"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":637,"end":644},"obj":"SO:0000104"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":645,"end":653},"obj":"SO:0000167"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"PR:F4JU69"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":688,"end":692},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":733,"end":737},"obj":"PR:000005054"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":733,"end":737},"obj":"O89094"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":733,"end":737},"obj":"D051379"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":733,"end":737},"obj":"10095"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":753,"end":775},"obj":"UBERON:0001627"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":753,"end":785},"obj":"D020244"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":753,"end":785},"obj":"D020244"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":818,"end":823},"obj":"PR:Q5FWH3"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":818,"end":823},"obj":"PR:P53192"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":818,"end":823},"obj":"PR:Q5ACW6"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":818,"end":823},"obj":"PR:Q9HGM2"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":824,"end":828},"obj":"PR:000005054"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":824,"end":828},"obj":"O89094"},{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":824,"end":828},"obj":"D051379"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":824,"end":828},"obj":"10095"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":854,"end":859},"obj":"UBERON:6110636"},{"id":"T191","span":{"begin":854,"end":859},"obj":"UBERON:0000955"},{"id":"T192","span":{"begin":922,"end":941},"obj":"UBERON:0000120"},{"id":"T195","span":{"begin":943,"end":946},"obj":"UBERON:0000120"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":968,"end":982},"obj":"UBERON:0013755"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":998,"end":1003},"obj":"PR:Q5FWH3"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":998,"end":1003},"obj":"PR:P53192"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":998,"end":1003},"obj":"PR:Q5ACW6"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":998,"end":1003},"obj":"PR:Q9HGM2"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":1004,"end":1008},"obj":"PR:000005054"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":1004,"end":1008},"obj":"O89094"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":1004,"end":1008},"obj":"D051379"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":1004,"end":1008},"obj":"10095"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":1056,"end":1075},"obj":"D009461"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":1056,"end":1075},"obj":"D009461"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":1090,"end":1097},"obj":"D007238"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":1090,"end":1097},"obj":"D007238"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":1152,"end":1159},"obj":"D000077868"},{"id":"T211","span":{"begin":1152,"end":1159},"obj":"D000077868"},{"id":"T212","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"P26684"},{"id":"T213","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"PR:000001221"},{"id":"T214","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"PR:000000735"},{"id":"T215","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"Q61614"},{"id":"T216","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"P21450"},{"id":"T217","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"Q95L55"},{"id":"T218","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"P25101"},{"id":"T219","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"Q29010"},{"id":"T220","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1165},"obj":"Q5KSU9"},{"id":"T221","span":{"begin":1167,"end":1177},"obj":"CHEBI:48706"},{"id":"T222","span":{"begin":1211,"end":1216},"obj":"PR:Q5FWH3"},{"id":"T223","span":{"begin":1211,"end":1216},"obj":"PR:P53192"},{"id":"T224","span":{"begin":1211,"end":1216},"obj":"PR:Q5ACW6"},{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":1211,"end":1216},"obj":"PR:Q9HGM2"},{"id":"T226","span":{"begin":1239,"end":1249},"obj":"D005070"},{"id":"T227","span":{"begin":1239,"end":1249},"obj":"D005070"},{"id":"T228","span":{"begin":1239,"end":1249},"obj":"CHEBI:82467"},{"id":"T230","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q91049"},{"id":"T231","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q6P6T5"},{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q9PUN1"},{"id":"T233","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q16625"},{"id":"T234","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"PR:000002207"},{"id":"T235","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q61146"},{"id":"T236","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q28269"},{"id":"T237","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q28793"},{"id":"T238","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"Q5RFS5"},{"id":"T229","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1305},"obj":"D062793"},{"id":"T239","span":{"begin":1353,"end":1358},"obj":"UBERON:6110636"},{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":1353,"end":1358},"obj":"UBERON:0000955"},{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":1387,"end":1401},"obj":"D001929"},{"id":"T242","span":{"begin":1387,"end":1401},"obj":"D001929"},{"id":"T248","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1412},"obj":"GO:0015250"},{"id":"T253","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"Q5I4F9"},{"id":"T254","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"P55088"},{"id":"T255","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"Q923J4"},{"id":"T256","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"O77750"},{"id":"T258","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"P55087"},{"id":"T259","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"P47863"},{"id":"T260","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"PR:000004184"},{"id":"T261","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"G5CTG1"},{"id":"T257","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1414},"obj":"D051401"},{"id":"T262","span":{"begin":1477,"end":1490},"obj":"UBERON:0004537"},{"id":"T263","span":{"begin":1494,"end":1499},"obj":"PR:Q5FWH3"},{"id":"T264","span":{"begin":1494,"end":1499},"obj":"PR:P53192"},{"id":"T265","span":{"begin":1494,"end":1499},"obj":"PR:Q5ACW6"},{"id":"T266","span":{"begin":1494,"end":1499},"obj":"PR:Q9HGM2"},{"id":"T267","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"Q5NRQ1"},{"id":"T268","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"PR:F4JU69"},{"id":"T269","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P17322"},{"id":"T270","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"PR:000006897"},{"id":"T271","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P97740"},{"id":"T272","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"Q28469"},{"id":"T273","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P29560"},{"id":"T274","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P22388"},{"id":"T275","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P09558"},{"id":"T276","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P13206"},{"id":"T277","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"Q9BG76"},{"id":"T278","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"Q5NRP9"},{"id":"T279","span":{"begin":1561,"end":1565},"obj":"P22387"},{"id":"T280","span":{"begin":1593,"end":1610},"obj":"GO:0030104"},{"id":"T282","span":{"begin":1612,"end":1626},"obj":"D001929"},{"id":"T283","span":{"begin":1612,"end":1626},"obj":"D001929"},{"id":"T286","span":{"begin":1631,"end":1634},"obj":"UBERON:0000120"},{"id":"T287","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1692},"obj":"UBERON:6110636"},{"id":"T288","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1692},"obj":"UBERON:0000955"},{"id":"T289","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1699},"obj":"D001930"},{"id":"T290","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1699},"obj":"D001930"}],"text":"Endothelin-1 overexpression leads to further water accumulation and brain edema after middle cerebral artery occlusion via aquaporin 4 expression in astrocytic end-feet.\nStroke patients have increased levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a strong vasoconstrictor, in their plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. Previously, we showed high level of ET-1 mRNA expression in astrocytes after hypoxia/ischemia. It is unclear whether the contribution of ET-1 induction in astrocytes is protective or destructive in cerebral ischemia. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse model that overexpress ET-1 in astrocytes (GET-1) using the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter to examine the role of astrocytic ET-1 in ischemic stroke by challenging these mice with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Under normal condition, GET-1 mice showed no abnormality in brain morphology, cerebrovasculature, absolute cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and mean arterial blood pressure. Yet, GET-1 mice subjected to transient MCAO showed more severe neurologic deficits and increased infarct, which were partially normalized by administration of ABT-627 (ET(A) antagonist) 5 mins after MCAO. In addition, GET-1 brains exhibited more Evans blue extravasation and showed decreased endothelial occludin expression after MCAO, correlating with higher brain water content and increased cerebral edema. Aquaporin 4 expression was also more pronounced in astrocytic end-feet on blood vessels in GET-1 ipsilateral brains. Our current data suggest that astrocytic ET-1 has deleterious effects on water homeostasis, cerebral edema and BBB integrity, which contribute to more severe ischemic brain injury."}
UseCases_ArguminSci_Discourse
{"project":"UseCases_ArguminSci_Discourse","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":0,"end":169},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":170,"end":297},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":298,"end":392},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":393,"end":514},"obj":"DRI_Challenge"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":515,"end":563},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":564,"end":580},"obj":"Token_Label.OUTSIDE"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":581,"end":793},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":794,"end":992},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":993,"end":1197},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1198,"end":1402},"obj":"DRI_Outcome"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1403,"end":1519},"obj":"DRI_Background"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1520,"end":1700},"obj":"DRI_Challenge"}],"text":"Endothelin-1 overexpression leads to further water accumulation and brain edema after middle cerebral artery occlusion via aquaporin 4 expression in astrocytic end-feet.\nStroke patients have increased levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a strong vasoconstrictor, in their plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. Previously, we showed high level of ET-1 mRNA expression in astrocytes after hypoxia/ischemia. It is unclear whether the contribution of ET-1 induction in astrocytes is protective or destructive in cerebral ischemia. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse model that overexpress ET-1 in astrocytes (GET-1) using the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter to examine the role of astrocytic ET-1 in ischemic stroke by challenging these mice with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Under normal condition, GET-1 mice showed no abnormality in brain morphology, cerebrovasculature, absolute cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and mean arterial blood pressure. Yet, GET-1 mice subjected to transient MCAO showed more severe neurologic deficits and increased infarct, which were partially normalized by administration of ABT-627 (ET(A) antagonist) 5 mins after MCAO. In addition, GET-1 brains exhibited more Evans blue extravasation and showed decreased endothelial occludin expression after MCAO, correlating with higher brain water content and increased cerebral edema. Aquaporin 4 expression was also more pronounced in astrocytic end-feet on blood vessels in GET-1 ipsilateral brains. Our current data suggest that astrocytic ET-1 has deleterious effects on water homeostasis, cerebral edema and BBB integrity, which contribute to more severe ischemic brain injury."}