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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
91 26-29 Gene denotes 2.1 Gene:6700
94 142-166 Disease denotes authoritarian aggression MESH:D001523
95 8571-8585 Disease denotes Abalakina-Paap
97 1458-1461 Gene denotes Mai Gene:2954
99 1782-1788 Species denotes People Tax:9606
101 4200-4203 Gene denotes Mai Gene:2954
104 8160-8166 Species denotes people Tax:9606
105 8354-8360 Species denotes people Tax:9606
109 9814-9822 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T4 156-166 Phenotype denotes aggression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000718
T5 7401-7410 Phenotype denotes hostility http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031473
T6 8632-8641 Phenotype denotes hostility http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031473

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T109 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T110 5-22 Sentence denotes Political Factors
T111 24-30 Sentence denotes 2.2.1.
T112 31-47 Sentence denotes Authoritarianism
T113 48-215 Sentence denotes Authoritarianism as a political attitude is characterized by preferences for conventionalism, authoritarian aggression, and authoritarian submission to authority [22].
T114 216-335 Sentence denotes Several empirical studies find that authoritarianism has a consistent relationship with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T115 336-498 Sentence denotes Authoritarian ideologies are characterized by unshakable beliefs in their righteousness, which provide instruments to comprehensively explain complex events [23].
T116 499-623 Sentence denotes Abalakina-Paap et al. [24] demonstrate that high levels of authoritarianism are related to beliefs in specific conspiracies.
T117 624-821 Sentence denotes Swami [25] shows that right-wing authoritarianism (a measure of support for traditional social norms and submission to authority) is associated with stronger beliefs in general conspiracy theories.
T118 822-934 Sentence denotes Swami et al. [17] show that beliefs in 9/11 conspiracy theories are positively related to defiance of authority.
T119 935-1185 Sentence denotes Moreover, based on a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population from the 2016 American National Election Studies, Goldberg and Richey [26] show that three different beliefs in conspiracies are positively correlated with authoritarianism.
T120 1186-1335 Sentence denotes However, Oliver and Wood [8] do not find beliefs in conspiracies to be the product of greater authoritarianism, ignorance, or political conservatism.
T121 1336-1354 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 1 (H1).
T122 1357-1430 Sentence denotes Authoritarianism is positively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T123 1432-1438 Sentence denotes 2.2.2.
T124 1439-1447 Sentence denotes Ideology
T125 1448-1697 Sentence denotes Gruzd and Mai [27] find that although much of the content of conspiracy theories starts from users with limited reach, the initial propellants of these conspiracies are prominent conservative politicians and far-right political activists on Twitter.
T126 1698-1781 Sentence denotes The relationship between conspiracy theories and ideology has several explanations.
T127 1782-1846 Sentence denotes People believe in conspiracy theories that fit their ideologies.
T128 1847-2006 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] argue that those who endorse conspiracy theories have particular ideological worldviews with which the conspiracy theories can be associated.
T129 2007-2204 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] show that left-right political orientation influences beliefs in conspiracy theories about climate change, Barack Obama’s birthplace, the 9/11 terror attacks, and electoral fraud.
T130 2205-2325 Sentence denotes Additionally, believing in a conspiracy theory is highly likely when one’s belief in a specific ideology is strong [10].
T131 2326-2380 Sentence denotes Van Prooijen et al. [28] focus on political extremism.
T132 2381-2511 Sentence denotes They show that extreme left and right political ideologies are positively associated with tendency to believe conspiracy theories.
T133 2512-2669 Sentence denotes In the other hand, members of ideological groups tend to think that those who hold one ideology regard the other side’s argument as a conspiracy theory [10].
T134 2670-2775 Sentence denotes Hart and Graether [29] find a negative association between liberalism and beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T135 2776-2914 Sentence denotes However, Oliver and Wood [6] demonstrate that beliefs in conspiracy theories are not limited to just one side of the ideological spectrum.
T136 2915-2933 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 2 (H2).
T137 2936-3015 Sentence denotes Conservatives exhibit more beliefs in conspiracy theories than progressives do.
T138 3017-3023 Sentence denotes 2.2.3.
T139 3024-3036 Sentence denotes Partisanship
T140 3037-3170 Sentence denotes Political interests and competitions result in partisanship, which can manifest as party identification, involvement, and membership.
T141 3171-3230 Sentence denotes These factors can influence beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T142 3231-3380 Sentence denotes For example, party identification is associated with the endorsement of conspiracy theories that make the rival party look bad (e.g., Berinsky [30]).
T143 3381-3555 Sentence denotes Enders and Smallpage [31] conduct an experimental study showing that conservative Republicans appear to be more susceptible to conspiratorial cues than progressive Democrats.
T144 3556-3711 Sentence denotes When informational cues recede, conspiracy beliefs significantly increase among Republicans, even when a Republican is implicated by the conspiracy theory.
T145 3712-3943 Sentence denotes However, Smallpage et al. [32] argue that it is false assumption that certain parties tend to believe in conspiracy theories more than other parties; instead, parties’ beliefs vary depending on the content of the conspiracy theory.
T146 3944-4030 Sentence denotes The degree of belief in a particular conspiracy theory depends on political interests.
T147 4031-4189 Sentence denotes For example, in the U.S., Democrats believe conspiracy theories about Republicans and conservatives, whereas Republicans believe conspiracies about Democrats.
T148 4190-4362 Sentence denotes Gruzd and Mai [27] demonstrate that in late March 2020, hashtags containing fake news in favor of President Trump were being circulated and highlighted by Trump supporters.
T149 4363-4430 Sentence denotes In the other and, the goal of party politics is to win an election.
T150 4431-4500 Sentence denotes Thus, losers rather than winners tend to believe conspiracy theories.
T151 4501-4653 Sentence denotes Uscinski and Parent [18] demonstrate that those that strongly endorse conspiracy theories are much more likely to be affiliated with the party in power.
T152 4654-4672 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 3 (H3).
T153 4675-4868 Sentence denotes Support for parties in power (i.e., President Moon Jae-In’s government (Moon’s government, hereafter) and the Democratic Party in Korea) is negatively related to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T154 4870-4876 Sentence denotes 2.2.4.
T155 4877-4885 Sentence denotes Religion
T156 4886-4946 Sentence denotes Religion greatly influences individual values and attitudes.
T157 4947-4964 Sentence denotes Bezalel ([33], p.
T158 4965-5171 Sentence denotes 1) argues that the nature of religious belief is important in understanding the epistemological foundations of worldviews that support conspiracy theories amidst what may be called conspiratorial ambiguity.
T159 5172-5348 Sentence denotes Douglas et al. [10] and Frank et al. [34] explain that cognitive processes that are linked to conspiracy beliefs are connected to the acceptance of quasi-religious mentalities.
T160 5349-5422 Sentence denotes Both religion type and religiosity affect beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T161 5423-5469 Sentence denotes Religiosity is the depth of faith in religion.
T162 5470-5694 Sentence denotes Higher religiosity can be associated with greater beliefs in conspiracy theories because religions and conspiracy theories share certain elements, including paranormal activity, esotericism, millennialism, and prophecy [35].
T163 5695-5809 Sentence denotes Various interpretations are possible for the relationship between religious beliefs and conspiracy theory beliefs.
T164 5810-5967 Sentence denotes For example, according to Jasinskaja-Lahti and Jetten [36], there is not difference of the belief in conspiracy theories between believers and non-believers.
T165 5968-6249 Sentence denotes In other hand, they reported that the extent to which religious worldviews were endorsed predicted belief in conspiracy theories; not self-categorization as religious, but strong attachment to religion among believers was directly related with higher belief in conspiracy theories.
T166 6250-6316 Sentence denotes Why strong attachment brings out more belief in conspiracy theory.
T167 6317-6455 Sentence denotes Jasinskaja-Lahti and Jetten [36] explained this by the mediated role of higher anti-intellectualism which strong religious believers have.
T168 6456-6618 Sentence denotes Individuals who show more orientation in scientifically sceptical attitude are more sensitive on find out logical fallacies presented in conspiracy theories [37].
T169 6619-6779 Sentence denotes Other studies reported that there is closely link between religiosity and stronger conservatism and traditionalism [38], and higher political conservatism [39].
T170 6780-6842 Sentence denotes Those conservatism induces more belief in conspiracy theories.
T171 6843-6994 Sentence denotes Van der Linden et al. [40] showed that extreme conservatives were significantly more likely to engage in conspiratorial thinking than extreme liberals.
T172 6995-7080 Sentence denotes Hart and Graether [29] show that believers in conspiracies tend to be more religious.
T173 7081-7232 Sentence denotes In contrast, Jasinskaja-Lahti and Jetten [36] show that religious believers and non-believers do not differ in terms of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T174 7233-7288 Sentence denotes Beliefs in conspiracies vary with the type of religion.
T175 7289-7446 Sentence denotes For example, Marchlewska et al. [41] demonstrate that Catholic collective narcissism predicts not only outgroup hostility but also gender conspiracy beliefs.
T176 7447-7527 Sentence denotes It is worth noting that the opinion on Catholics cannot apply to all Christians.
T177 7528-7664 Sentence denotes Relevant [42] explains that Christians should forgo the temptation to look toward conspiracy theories to feel more secure or in control.
T178 7665-7685 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 4 (H4-1).
T179 7688-7761 Sentence denotes Religiosity is positively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T180 7762-7782 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 4 (H4-2).
T181 7785-7871 Sentence denotes Different types of religions have different impacts on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T182 7873-7879 Sentence denotes 2.2.5.
T183 7880-7885 Sentence denotes Trust
T184 7886-7968 Sentence denotes Distrust plays a fundamental role in the spread of beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T185 7969-8153 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] argue that those who strongly think conspiracy theories believe that the world is a place where secretive, malevolent actions are not only possible but also probable.
T186 8154-8234 Sentence denotes Thus, people with low trust levels have stronger beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T187 8235-8316 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] show that trust is negatively associated with believing rumors.
T188 8317-8483 Sentence denotes According to Hart and Graether [29], people who find it difficult to trust others may find solace in worldviews that blame hidden villains for disappointing outcomes.
T189 8484-8570 Sentence denotes Many empirical studies focus on the impact of trust on beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T190 8571-8718 Sentence denotes Abalakina-Paap et al. [24] show that low levels of trust and hostility are related to attitudes regarding the existence of conspiracies in general.
T191 8719-8837 Sentence denotes Distrust in a targeted object, such as politics, the government, or medicine, leads to beliefs in conspiracy theories.
T192 8838-8904 Sentence denotes Governments have always been at the center of conspiracy theories.
T193 8905-9034 Sentence denotes Georgiou et al. [30] show that beliefs in conspiracies are correlated with more negative attitudes toward government’s responses.
T194 9035-9119 Sentence denotes In politics, conspiracies have always been hidden under the veil of power conflicts.
T195 9120-9242 Sentence denotes Goldberg and Richey [26] find that three different beliefs in conspiracies are negatively correlated with political trust.
T196 9243-9351 Sentence denotes Swami et al. [17] show that beliefs in conspiracies about 9/11 are positively related to political cynicism.
T197 9352-9513 Sentence denotes Moreover, Einstein and Glick [43] find that political scandals decrease trust in the government, which, in turn, is linked with stronger beliefs in conspiracies.
T198 9514-9715 Sentence denotes In addition, according to Earnshaw et al. [10], medical conspiracy beliefs are partly rooted in medical mistrust or a general suspicion of and lack of confidence in medical organizations and providers.
T199 9716-9907 Sentence denotes According to Jin et al. [44], respondents who do not believe conspiracies trust information about COVID-19 from their doctors more than information from other sources, including social media.
T200 9908-10018 Sentence denotes However, conspiracies are spread not only by trust but also in the presence of ignorance, conflict, and power.
T201 10019-10181 Sentence denotes Miller et al. [3] show that a combination of high knowledge and low trust yields the greatest endorsement of conservative conspiracy theories among conservatives.
T202 10182-10200 Sentence denotes Hypothesis 5 (H5).
T203 10203-10270 Sentence denotes Trust is negatively associated with beliefs in conspiracy theories.