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{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":0,"end":4},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":5,"end":64},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":65,"end":284},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":285,"end":529},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":530,"end":696},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":697,"end":964},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":965,"end":1093},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":1094,"end":1214},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":1215,"end":1496},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":1497,"end":1745},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":1746,"end":1950},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":1951,"end":2302},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":2303,"end":2461},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":2462,"end":2653},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":2654,"end":2780},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":2781,"end":2883},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":2884,"end":3010},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":3011,"end":3157},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":3158,"end":3359},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":3360,"end":3548},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":3549,"end":3615},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":3616,"end":3737},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":3738,"end":4048},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"2.2. Purification and In Vitro Characterization of PASylated Tα1\nThe uncharged PAS moiety, which does not alter the isoelectric point of the target peptide, facilitates classical protein precipitation by ammonium sulfate, thus providing an efficient and inexpensive purification step. After adjusting the cleared whole cell extract prepared by mechanical cell lysis to 30% ammonium sulfate saturation, most of the host cell proteins remained in solution while both PAS-Tα1 and PAS-Tα1 were selectively recovered as a precipitate. To remove residual E. coli proteins, the redissolved precipitate was subjected to ion exchange chromatography on a salt-tolerant anion exchange (AEX) resin at pH 8.5. Even though the PASylated Tα1 peptide with a calculated pI of 4.3 [38] for both versions should be negatively charged under these conditions and, hence, is expected to adsorb to the resin, the recombinant fusion proteins were quantitatively found in the flow-through. Possibly, the voluminous PAS polymer partially shields the small peptide from ionic interactions with the chromatography matrix. Nevertheless, this step resulted in efficient depletion both of residual host cell proteins and of bacterial endotoxins.\nThe protein solutions were dialyzed against a citrate buffer at pH 3.0 and subsequently applied to a strong cation exchange (CEX) column, which resulted in a bound fraction for PAS-Tα1, whereas both a flow-through fraction and a bound fraction were observed for Tα1-PAS (Figure 2). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of Tα1-PAS in the flow-through revealed a molecular mass of 52,734.56 Da (Figure 2a), which exactly matches the calculated mass for the N-terminally acetylated gene product (52,734.56 Da). In this case, the start methionine of Tα1-PAS (followed by a Ser residue) was fully processed, presumably by the bacterial methionine aminopeptidase [39], then followed by N-terminal acetylation via RimJ. In contrast, the column-bound peptide fraction, which was eluted using a salt concentration gradient, showed a molecular mass of 52,692.38 Da (Figure 2b), which corresponds to the calculated mass for the non-acetylated processed polypeptide (52,692.54 Da) accompanied by some minor peaks below 40 kDa, most likely due to residual host cell impurities. Accordingly, this CEX step enabled separation of the desired N-acetylated Tα1-PAS from its non-acetylated precursor as a result of a single charge difference. In comparison, the fully column-bound non-acetylated PAS-Tα1 showed a single molecular mass of 52,789.8 Da (Figure 3) corresponding to the intact peptide, again, lacking the start methionine.\nBoth PASylated peptide preparations had a purity \u003e 96% as indicated by reverse-phase chromatography (Figure 2c and Figure 3c). For Tα1-PAS, we performed a final AEX polishing step, which also allowed concentration of the peptide. At pH 10, the acetylated Tα1-PAS bound to a strong AEX resin and eluted as a homogenous peak in a salt concentration gradient. The endotoxin content of this fraction was very low, with \u003c 0.1 EU/mg, and the final yield was 15 mg acetylated Tα1-PAS per 1 L bacterial culture. In comparison, the final yield of the fully column-bound (non-acetylated) PAS-Tα1 reached 50 mg per 1 L bacterial culture after CEX chromatography and, again, the endotoxin content was below 0.1 EU/mg. Analytical size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of both PASylated peptide versions revealed a single symmetric peak without any signs of aggregation or truncation (Figure 2d and Figure 3d). The N-terminally acetylated Tα1-PAS eluted at 13.5 mL (bed volume: 24 mL), whereas PAS-Tα1 eluted at 13.2 mL, thus indicating apparent molecular sizes of 557 kDa and 665 kDa, respectively. This is more than 10 times (Tα1-PAS) or even 12 times (PAS-Tα1) larger than the true molecular mass of both PASylated peptides (52.7 kDa), which demonstrates the huge expansion of the hydrodynamic molecular volume caused by the random-coil structure of the PAS polymer, in line with previous observations [35]."}

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