PMC:7795856 / 3117-5187 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7795856","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7795856","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7795856","text":"In fact, a chemically synthesized Tα1 peptide drug has been marketed for more than 20 years under the trade name Zadaxin™ in more than 30 countries. Zadaxin™ is clinically approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (HBV), chronic hepatitis C (HCV), as a vaccine adjuvant, and as adjuvant therapy for chemotherapy-induced immune suppression [7]. Of note, the use of Tα1 has recently undergone reassessment in the context of modern cancer immunotherapies, as there is indication that this peptide may support immune checkpoint inhibition. Preclinical data provide evidence that Tα1 transforms so called cold tumors, which poorly respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, into highly lymphocyte-infiltrated tumors and, thus, boosts therapeutic efficacy [15]. Indeed, a retrospective study evaluating clinical phase II data reported an increase in overall survival of melanoma patients receiving sequentially Tα1 and the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab, a CTLA-4-blocking antibody, compared to ipilimumab therapy alone [16]. Moreover, Tα1 was shown to prevent intestinal toxicity in a murine model of anti-CTLA-4-induced colitis, hence contributing to an improved safety profile of immune checkpoint inhibitors [17]. Beyond that, emerging indications such as cystic fibrosis [18], multiple sclerosis [19], and sepsis [20] further emphasize the huge potential of this small therapeutic peptide. Finally, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Tα1 recently gained new attention in virology. Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 to some extent resemble a pathogen-induced sepsis, which justifies immunomodulatory Tα1 treatment [21]. Along these lines, Chinese medical staff members at high risk of COVID-19 infection already received a weekly Tα1 injection in combination with human interferon 1 (hIFN-α) nasal drops as a prophylactic measure [22]. Furthermore, a recent retrospective study in treated Chinese patients revealed that Tα1 significantly reduced the mortality of severe COVID-19 by restoration of lymphocytopenia and reversion of exhausted T cells 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