PMC:7795804 / 23209-32025 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"95","span":{"begin":512,"end":520},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"97","span":{"begin":2454,"end":2463},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A95","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"95","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A97","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"97","obj":"MESH:D020323"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Acknowledgments\nWe thank Jacqueline M. Costa for the English language editing. We thank Ludovica De Panfilis for reviewing the survey for ethics. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n\nSupplementary Materials\nThe following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/306/s1, File S1: Survey on Lifestyle Adaptations in the General Population of the Province of Reggio Emilia Following the Emergency Quarantine COVID-19.\nClick here for additional data file.\n\nAuthor Contributions\nAll authors contributed to the study conception and design and to interpretation of data. P.G.R., S.C., B.B., S.P., and E.M. developed the survey. S.P. and B.B. contributed to data analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by S.C., and all authors commented and contributed to it. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n\nFunding\nThe Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia fully supported this study.\n\nInstitutional Review Board Statement\nNot applicable.\n\nInformed Consent Statement\nInformed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.\n\nData Availability Statement\nThe dataset generated and analyzed is retained by the Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia (Italy) and is available upon request from the corresponding author.\n\nConflicts of Interest\nThe authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.\n\nAppendix A\nTable A1 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Financial Problems and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.403 0.358 −3.923 \u003c0 .001 0.246 0.122 0.496\nSex\n Male–Female −0.840 0.264 −3.184 0.001 0.432 0.258 0.724\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.864 0.452 −1.911 0.056 0.421 0.174 1.023\n Middle-aged–Adult −0.141 0.191 −0.738 0.460 0.869 0.598 1.262\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.073 0.350 −3.065 0.002 0.342 0.172 0.679\n Medium–Low −0.913 0.344 −2.656 0.008 0.401 0.205 0.787\nFinancial problems\n Many–None 1.940 0.376 5.156 \u003c0 .001 6.962 3.329 14.556\n Some–None 0.556 0.199 2.788 0.005 1.743 1.179 2.576\nTable A2 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Change in PA Habits and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.245 0.352 −3.536 \u003c0 .001 0.288 0.144 0.574\nSex\n Male–Female −0.788 0.258 −3.061 0.002 0.455 0.274 0.753\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.985 0.452 −2.178 0.029 0.374 0.154 0.906\n Middle-aged–Adult −0.104 0.190 −0.544 0.586 0.902 0.621 1.309\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.268 0.342 −3.709 \u003c0.001 0.281 0.144 0.550\n Medium–Low −0.962 0.335 −2.871 0.004 0.382 0.198 0.737\nChange in PA habits\n Improved–No change −0.595 0.532 −1.120 0.263 0.551 0.195 1.563\n Worsened–No change 0.483 0.183 2.638 0.008 1.621 1.132 2.321\nLegend PA = Physical activity.\nTable A3 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Change in Eating Habits and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.8735 0.395 −4.743 \u003c0.001 0.154 0.0708 0.333\nSex\n Male–Female −0.6464 0.253 −2.553 0.011 0.524 0.3190 0.861\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.5144 0.382 −1.347 0.178 0.598 0.2828 1.264\n Middle-aged adult −0.0689 0.187 −0.369 0.712 0.933 0.6476 1.346\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.0647 0.340 −3.132 0.002 0.345 0.1771 0.671\n Medium–Low −0.8205 0.332 −2.474 0.013 0.440 0.2298 0.843\nChange in eating habits\n Improved–No change 0.3883 0.268 1.450 0.147 1.474 0.8724 2.492\n Worsened–No change 1.3103 0.266 4.930 \u003c0.001 3.707 2.2019 6.242\n Mixed–No change 0.8088 0.280 2.885 0.004 2.245 1.2960 3.890\nTable A4 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Tension and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.61890 0.371 −4.3681 \u003c0.001 0.198 0.0958 0.410\nSex\n Male–Female −0.74502 0.266 −2.8051 0.005 0.475 0.2821 0.799\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.40416 0.406 −0.9958 0.319 0.668 0.3013 1.479\n Middle-aged adult 0.00382 0.190 0.0202 0.984 1.004 0.6924 1.455\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.11701 0.359 −3.1102 0.002 0.327 0.1619 0.662\n Medium–Low −0.81351 0.353 −2.3049 0.021 0.443 0.2220 0.885\nTension\n Yes–No 1.25585 0.184 6.8324 \u003c0.001 3.511 2.4488 5.033\nTable A5 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Upset and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.4162 0.367 −3.863 \u003c0.001 0.243 0.118 0.498\nSex\n Male–Female −0.8490 0.272 −3.116 0.002 0.428 0.251 0.730\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.6390 0.424 −1.507 0.132 0.528 0.230 1.212\n Middle-aged Adult −0.0489 0.190 −0.257 0.797 0.952 0.656 1.382\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.2453 0.358 −3.483 \u003c0.001 0.288 0.143 0.580\n Medium–Low −0.9358 0.352 −2.657 0.008 0.392 0.197 0.782\nUpset\n Yes–No 1.1042 0.184 6.012 \u003c0.001 3.017 2.105 4.324\nTable A6 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Worry and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.647 0.374 −4.41 \u003c0 .001 0.193 0.0926 0.400\nSex\n Male–Female −0.624 0.254 −2.46 0.014 0.536 0.3254 0.882\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.653 0.380 −1.72 0.086 0.520 0.2471 1.096\n Middle-aged adult −0.203 0.188 −1.08 0.280 0.817 0.5652 1.180\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.093 0.350 −3.12 0.002 0.335 0.1688 0.666\n Medium–Low −0.796 0.343 −2.32 0.020 0.451 0.2305 0.883\nWorry\n Yes–No 0.836 0.186 4.48 \u003c0.001 2.306 1.6003 3.324\nTable A7 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Fear and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.309 0.365 −3.584 \u003c0 .001 0.270 0.132 0.553\nSex\n Male–Female −0.735 0.266 −2.760 0.006 0.480 0.285 0.808\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.773 0.422 −1.832 0.067 0.462 0.202 1.055\n Middle-aged adult −0.160 0.189 −0.847 0.397 0.852 0.588 1.234\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.184 0.362 −3.268 0.001 0.306 0.150 0.623\n Medium–Low −0.904 0.356 −2.537 0.011 0.405 0.201 0.814\nFear\n Yes–No 0.884 0.195 4.536 \u003c0.001 2.421 1.652 3.548\nTable A8 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Loneliness and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.354 0.374 −3.620 \u003c0.001 0.258 0.124 0.538\nSex\n Male–Female −0.836 0.264 −3.161 0.002 0.434 0.258 0.728\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.815 0.424 −1.923 0.054 0.443 0.193 1.016\n Middle-aged adult −0.140 0.192 −0.730 0.466 0.869 0.596 1.267\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.153 0.368 −3.130 0.002 0.316 0.153 0.650\n Medium–Low −0.886 0.362 −2.448 0.014 0.412 0.203 0.838\nLoneliness\n Yes–No 1.122 0.199 5.635 \u003c0.001 3.070 2.079 4.536\nTable A9 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Uncertainty and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.874 0.383 −4.893 \u003c0.001 0.154 0.0725 0.325\nSex\n Male–Female −0.651 0.252 −2.577 0.010 0.522 0.3181 0.856\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.816 0.398 −2.051 0.040 0.442 0.2028 0.964\n Middle-aged adult −0.144 0.188 −0.769 0.442 0.866 0.5994 1.250\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.119 0.351 −3.191 0.001 0.327 0.1643 0.649\n Medium–Low −0.770 0.341 −2.259 0.024 0.463 0.2375 0.903\nUncertainty\n Yes–No 1.000 0.206 4.853 \u003c0.001 2.717 1.8146 4.069\nNote. Estimates represent the log odds of “good sleep quality category” versus “poor sleep quality category”."}

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thank Jacqueline M. Costa for the English language editing. We thank Ludovica De Panfilis for reviewing the survey for ethics. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n\nSupplementary Materials\nThe following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/306/s1, File S1: Survey on Lifestyle Adaptations in the General Population of the Province of Reggio Emilia Following the Emergency Quarantine COVID-19.\nClick here for additional data file.\n\nAuthor Contributions\nAll authors contributed to the study conception and design and to interpretation of data. P.G.R., S.C., B.B., S.P., and E.M. developed the survey. S.P. and B.B. contributed to data analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by S.C., and all authors commented and contributed to it. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\n\nFunding\nThe Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia fully supported this study.\n\nInstitutional Review Board Statement\nNot applicable.\n\nInformed Consent Statement\nInformed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.\n\nData Availability Statement\nThe dataset generated and analyzed is retained by the Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia (Italy) and is available upon request from the corresponding author.\n\nConflicts of Interest\nThe authors do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.\n\nAppendix A\nTable A1 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Financial Problems and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.403 0.358 −3.923 \u003c0 .001 0.246 0.122 0.496\nSex\n Male–Female −0.840 0.264 −3.184 0.001 0.432 0.258 0.724\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.864 0.452 −1.911 0.056 0.421 0.174 1.023\n Middle-aged–Adult −0.141 0.191 −0.738 0.460 0.869 0.598 1.262\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.073 0.350 −3.065 0.002 0.342 0.172 0.679\n Medium–Low −0.913 0.344 −2.656 0.008 0.401 0.205 0.787\nFinancial problems\n Many–None 1.940 0.376 5.156 \u003c0 .001 6.962 3.329 14.556\n Some–None 0.556 0.199 2.788 0.005 1.743 1.179 2.576\nTable A2 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Change in PA Habits and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.245 0.352 −3.536 \u003c0 .001 0.288 0.144 0.574\nSex\n Male–Female −0.788 0.258 −3.061 0.002 0.455 0.274 0.753\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.985 0.452 −2.178 0.029 0.374 0.154 0.906\n Middle-aged–Adult −0.104 0.190 −0.544 0.586 0.902 0.621 1.309\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.268 0.342 −3.709 \u003c0.001 0.281 0.144 0.550\n Medium–Low −0.962 0.335 −2.871 0.004 0.382 0.198 0.737\nChange in PA habits\n Improved–No change −0.595 0.532 −1.120 0.263 0.551 0.195 1.563\n Worsened–No change 0.483 0.183 2.638 0.008 1.621 1.132 2.321\nLegend PA = Physical activity.\nTable A3 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Change in Eating Habits and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.8735 0.395 −4.743 \u003c0.001 0.154 0.0708 0.333\nSex\n Male–Female −0.6464 0.253 −2.553 0.011 0.524 0.3190 0.861\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.5144 0.382 −1.347 0.178 0.598 0.2828 1.264\n Middle-aged adult −0.0689 0.187 −0.369 0.712 0.933 0.6476 1.346\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.0647 0.340 −3.132 0.002 0.345 0.1771 0.671\n Medium–Low −0.8205 0.332 −2.474 0.013 0.440 0.2298 0.843\nChange in eating habits\n Improved–No change 0.3883 0.268 1.450 0.147 1.474 0.8724 2.492\n Worsened–No change 1.3103 0.266 4.930 \u003c0.001 3.707 2.2019 6.242\n Mixed–No change 0.8088 0.280 2.885 0.004 2.245 1.2960 3.890\nTable A4 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Tension and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.61890 0.371 −4.3681 \u003c0.001 0.198 0.0958 0.410\nSex\n Male–Female −0.74502 0.266 −2.8051 0.005 0.475 0.2821 0.799\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.40416 0.406 −0.9958 0.319 0.668 0.3013 1.479\n Middle-aged adult 0.00382 0.190 0.0202 0.984 1.004 0.6924 1.455\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.11701 0.359 −3.1102 0.002 0.327 0.1619 0.662\n Medium–Low −0.81351 0.353 −2.3049 0.021 0.443 0.2220 0.885\nTension\n Yes–No 1.25585 0.184 6.8324 \u003c0.001 3.511 2.4488 5.033\nTable A5 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Upset and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.4162 0.367 −3.863 \u003c0.001 0.243 0.118 0.498\nSex\n Male–Female −0.8490 0.272 −3.116 0.002 0.428 0.251 0.730\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.6390 0.424 −1.507 0.132 0.528 0.230 1.212\n Middle-aged Adult −0.0489 0.190 −0.257 0.797 0.952 0.656 1.382\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.2453 0.358 −3.483 \u003c0.001 0.288 0.143 0.580\n Medium–Low −0.9358 0.352 −2.657 0.008 0.392 0.197 0.782\nUpset\n Yes–No 1.1042 0.184 6.012 \u003c0.001 3.017 2.105 4.324\nTable A6 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Worry and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.647 0.374 −4.41 \u003c0 .001 0.193 0.0926 0.400\nSex\n Male–Female −0.624 0.254 −2.46 0.014 0.536 0.3254 0.882\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.653 0.380 −1.72 0.086 0.520 0.2471 1.096\n Middle-aged adult −0.203 0.188 −1.08 0.280 0.817 0.5652 1.180\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.093 0.350 −3.12 0.002 0.335 0.1688 0.666\n Medium–Low −0.796 0.343 −2.32 0.020 0.451 0.2305 0.883\nWorry\n Yes–No 0.836 0.186 4.48 \u003c0.001 2.306 1.6003 3.324\nTable A7 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Fear and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.309 0.365 −3.584 \u003c0 .001 0.270 0.132 0.553\nSex\n Male–Female −0.735 0.266 −2.760 0.006 0.480 0.285 0.808\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.773 0.422 −1.832 0.067 0.462 0.202 1.055\n Middle-aged adult −0.160 0.189 −0.847 0.397 0.852 0.588 1.234\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.184 0.362 −3.268 0.001 0.306 0.150 0.623\n Medium–Low −0.904 0.356 −2.537 0.011 0.405 0.201 0.814\nFear\n Yes–No 0.884 0.195 4.536 \u003c0.001 2.421 1.652 3.548\nTable A8 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Loneliness and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.354 0.374 −3.620 \u003c0.001 0.258 0.124 0.538\nSex\n Male–Female −0.836 0.264 −3.161 0.002 0.434 0.258 0.728\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.815 0.424 −1.923 0.054 0.443 0.193 1.016\n Middle-aged adult −0.140 0.192 −0.730 0.466 0.869 0.596 1.267\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.153 0.368 −3.130 0.002 0.316 0.153 0.650\n Medium–Low −0.886 0.362 −2.448 0.014 0.412 0.203 0.838\nLoneliness\n Yes–No 1.122 0.199 5.635 \u003c0.001 3.070 2.079 4.536\nTable A9 Results of Multivariate Regression Analysis Models, with Quality of Sleep as Dependent Variable and Feeling of Uncertainty and Sociodemographic Characteristics as Independent Variables.\n95% Confidence Interval\nPredictor Estimate SE Z p Odds Ratio Lower Upper\nIntercept −1.874 0.383 −4.893 \u003c0.001 0.154 0.0725 0.325\nSex\n Male–Female −0.651 0.252 −2.577 0.010 0.522 0.3181 0.856\nAge class\n Aged–Adult −0.816 0.398 −2.051 0.040 0.442 0.2028 0.964\n Middle-aged adult −0.144 0.188 −0.769 0.442 0.866 0.5994 1.250\nEducation level\n High–Low −1.119 0.351 −3.191 0.001 0.327 0.1643 0.649\n Medium–Low −0.770 0.341 −2.259 0.024 0.463 0.2375 0.903\nUncertainty\n Yes–No 1.000 0.206 4.853 \u003c0.001 2.717 1.8146 4.069\nNote. Estimates represent the log odds of “good sleep quality category” versus “poor sleep quality category”."}