PMC:7784834 / 3052-6070 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7784834","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7784834","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7784834","text":"Similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (exhibiting 80% and 50% homology, respectively) (Kim et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020) belongs to the genera beta coronavirus (family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales) (Enjuanes et al., 2006; Perlman \u0026 Netland, 2009), which is known to infect mammals (Li, 2016) and has manifested an illustrious capability of cross-species transmission, including humans (Menachery et al., 2017). The SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus characterized by a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of almost 30 kb, surrounded by a helical capsid comprised of nucleo capsid protein (N). The viral envelope is associated with three primary structural proteins viz. membrane proteins (M) and envelope proteins (E), which perform virus assembly; and spike proteins (S), which facilitate the viral attachment and thus, the virus entrance into the host cells. The large protrusions formed by spikes on the surface of the virus give it the appearance of having crowns, which, in Latin, translates to corona (Li, 2016). These shorter, sgRNA-encoded structural proteins and several accessory proteins are known to be conserved (Kim et al., 2020). The large ectodomain of the spike consists of receptor binding S1 and membrane fusion S2 subunits. For many CoVs, the S1 and S2 domains remain non-covalently linked. In β coronaviruses, the cleavage between the S1 and S2 regions is not obligatory. However, the host proteases have been observed to cause cleavage within the fusion domain (S2), which leads to irreversible conformational changes, activating the protein for membrane fusion (Zhou et al., 2020). The S2 subunit contains two regions with 4, 3 hydrophobic heptad repeats (HR), HR1 and HR2, which are conserved in sequence and position. The HR2 is located adjacent to the trans-membrane domain, while the HR1 occurs ∼170 residues upstream of HR2. The HR region has been observed to be a common motif in several viral fusion proteins. Structurally, the HR1 domain exists as a homo-trimeric coil, packing the HR2 domain (in an anti-parallel manner) in its hydrophobic grooves, thereby bringing the N-terminal fusion peptide closer to the trans-membrane anchor, further facilitating fusion due to proximity (Bosch et al., 2003). Various host receptors viz. angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), amino peptidase N (APN), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), and sugar recognize S1 domain of the spike protein to render virus entry into cells (Li, 2016). Several reports have been published recently discovering inhibitors against the target via a computational methodologies, which involve the usage of FDA approved compounds and natural compounds (Wei et al., 2020), spice molecules (Rout et al., 2020), small-molecule compounds of ZINC Drug Database (Kadioglu, 2020; Wu et al., 2020) along with traditional Chinese medicine and natural products and derivatives (Wu et al., 2020) and medicinal compounds (Salman et al., 2020).","tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"88","span":{"begin":613,"end":614},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"89","span":{"begin":713,"end":714},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"90","span":{"begin":777,"end":782},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"91","span":{"begin":2284,"end":2315},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"92","span":{"begin":2317,"end":2321},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"93","span":{"begin":2324,"end":2341},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"94","span":{"begin":2343,"end":2346},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"95","span":{"begin":2349,"end":2371},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"96","span":{"begin":2373,"end":2377},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"97","span":{"begin":2380,"end":2437},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"98","span":{"begin":2439,"end":2446},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"99","span":{"begin":2486,"end":2491},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"100","span":{"begin":1197,"end":1202},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"101","span":{"begin":11,"end":19},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"102","span":{"begin":24,"end":32},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"103","span":{"begin":34,"end":44},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"104","span":{"begin":152,"end":168},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"105","span":{"begin":177,"end":190},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"106","span":{"begin":397,"end":403},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"107","span":{"begin":434,"end":444},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"108","span":{"begin":1277,"end":1281},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"109","span":{"begin":1338,"end":1353},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A88","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"88","obj":"Gene:43740575"},{"id":"A89","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"89","obj":"Gene:43740571"},{"id":"A90","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"90","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A91","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"91","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A92","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"92","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A93","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"93","obj":"Gene:290"},{"id":"A94","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"94","obj":"Gene:290"},{"id":"A95","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"95","obj":"Gene:1803"},{"id":"A96","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"96","obj":"Gene:1803"},{"id":"A97","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"97","obj":"Gene:634"},{"id":"A98","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"98","obj":"Gene:634"},{"id":"A99","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"99","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A100","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"100","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A101","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"101","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A102","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"102","obj":"Tax:1335626"},{"id":"A103","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"103","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A104","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"104","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A105","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"105","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A106","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"106","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A107","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"107","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A108","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"108","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A109","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"109","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"subj":"88","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"89","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"90","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"91","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"92","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"93","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"94","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"95","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"96","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"97","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"98","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"99","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"100","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"101","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"102","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"103","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"104","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"105","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"106","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"107","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"108","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"109","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":0,"end":429},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":430,"end":616},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":617,"end":884},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":885,"end":1042},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1043,"end":1168},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1169,"end":1267},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1268,"end":1334},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T35","span":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