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LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T127 965-981 Phenotype denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T128 3742-3747 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T129 3768-3777 Phenotype denotes dry cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031246
T130 4255-4260 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T131 6540-6549 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T132 6974-6983 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T133 11240-11249 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T424 0-10 Sentence denotes Antivirals
T425 11-258 Sentence denotes Due to the large amount of experimental and clinical studies assessing the effectiveness of antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2, we have seen the importance of this class of drugs in reducing the viral load peak at the beginning of the infection.
T426 259-489 Sentence denotes Evidence from laboratory, animal, and clinical studies demonstrate that the use of associated or isolated antivirals can delay the progression of lung lesions and decrease the possibility of respiratory transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
T427 490-646 Sentence denotes In this study, we selected the following most promising treatment options: lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, ribavirin, remdesivir, favipiravir, and type I IFN.
T428 647-1038 Sentence denotes In the context of discovering new drugs, it is efficient to test the efficacy of existing antiviral drugs regarding the treatment of related viral infections. After the emergence of SARS in 2003, the screening of approved drugs identified an effective SARS-CoV-2 antiviral-drug candidate: the combination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir.
T429 1039-1194 Sentence denotes However, lopinavir has insufficient oral bioavailability for significant therapeutic activity due to rapid catabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
T430 1195-1407 Sentence denotes Thus, ritonavir is a cytochrome P450 and glycoproteins inhibitor, which increases the lopinavir plasma half-life, enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities against the viral HIV-protease (303).
T431 1408-1718 Sentence denotes Chu et al. (304) described the possible mechanism of action of these drugs on SARS-CoV-1, suggesting that they act by inhibiting intracellular viral multiplication, preventing the action of the protease enzyme, which leads to the formation of an immature and less infectious virus with no ability to replicate.
T432 1719-1864 Sentence denotes Choy et al. (305) were successful at demonstrating the antiviral effect of lopinavir against SARS-CoV-2, but this was not the case for ritonavir.
T433 1865-2030 Sentence denotes In turn, Kang et al. (306) found a lower viral load in infected SARS-CoV-2 Vero cells treated with lopinavir/ritonavir in relation to the untreated infected control.
T434 2031-2308 Sentence denotes Although no consensus has been reached on its efficacy, dosage, or administration period, the literature includes some case reports, case series, and observational studies reporting a protective effect of the lopinavir/ritonavir combination in COVID-19 patients (110, 307–312).
T435 2309-2539 Sentence denotes Conversely, Cao et al. (313) conducted a controlled open‐label study with 199 hospitalized severe COVID‐19 patients randomly divided into two groups: a standard care group and a lopinavir/ritonavir treatment group (400 mg/100 mg).
T436 2540-2726 Sentence denotes No benefit was observed in the lopinavir/ritonavir treatment group, showing no significant results for faster clinical improvement, lower mortality, or decreased viral RNA detectability.
T437 2727-2933 Sentence denotes Although there are 85 clinical trials in progress testing lopinavir/ritonavir associated with other drugs on SARS-CoV-2 and/or COVID-19, WHO stopped the study of lopinavir/ritonavir in the Solidarity Trial.
T438 2934-3151 Sentence denotes Deng et al. (312) have studied the association of lopinavir/ritonavir with arbidol treatment and demonstrated a significant improvement in COVID-19 patients compared with a group treated only with lopinavir/ritonavir.
T439 3152-3286 Sentence denotes Arbidol (umifenovir) is a broad-spectrum antiviral and immunomodulatory compound used to treat influenza and many other viruses (314).
T440 3287-3592 Sentence denotes Analyses of molecular dynamics and structure-guided drug-binding have suggested an efficiency of arbidol at blocking or hampering the trimerization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, in addition to inhibiting virus-cell interactions, which supports the potential use of arbidol to treat COVID-19 (315).
T441 3593-3829 Sentence denotes Chen et al. (316) demonstrated that arbidol therapy was able to shorten the course of the disease and promote clinical improvement, resulting in low fever and improvements in dry cough without side effects faster than the control group.
T442 3830-3961 Sentence denotes Zhu et al. (317) also demonstrated the effects of arbidol by retrospectively analyzing the clinical data from 50 COVID-19 patients.
T443 3962-4336 Sentence denotes The study demonstrated that the use of arbidol monotherapy, without association with other drugs, was more effective than the treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir, showing clinical improvement of the disease, presenting a total elimination of viral load over a shorter duration; in addition, no fever or ARDS were reported compared with those in the lopinavir/ritonavir group.
T444 4337-4551 Sentence denotes Ribavirin is another antiviral drug used in association with lopinavir/ritonavir to treat SARS-CoV-1 and was able to reduce viral load, risk of adverse clinical outcomes, ARDS, or death in SARS patients (304, 318).
T445 4552-4779 Sentence denotes Ribavirin has a broad antiviral spectrum as it is a nucleotide analog that competes for the active site of RdRp, a crucial enzyme in the life cycle of RNA viruses, inhibiting viral replication and transcription (221, 319, 320).
T446 4780-4986 Sentence denotes Elfiky (320) conducted an in silico study demonstrating that ribavirin and other antivirals such as sofosbuvir can strongly bind to coronavirus RdRp, preventing the transcription of new copies of viral RNA.
T447 4987-5197 Sentence denotes Only a few clinical studies have investigated the effect of ribavirin on COVID-19 patients, with the studies available generally focusing on the association of ribavirin and other therapeutic schemes (321–323).
T448 5198-5295 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, China’s government (324) has recommended the use of ribavirin in COVID-19 patients.
T449 5296-5387 Sentence denotes Remdesivir (RDV) is also among the several potential drugs tested for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.
T450 5388-5562 Sentence denotes Originally developed to treat Ebola virus infection, RDV is active against RNA viruses from different families, including Coronaviridae (e.g., SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) (325).
T451 5563-5640 Sentence denotes RDV showed an in vitro effective antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (326).
T452 5641-5866 Sentence denotes Grein et al. (327) conducted a cohort study with 53 COVID-19 patients treated with RDV and found that 68% of them had improved oxygen-support class, whereas 57% of the patients receiving mechanical ventilation were extubated.
T453 5867-6017 Sentence denotes Overall mortality reached 13% over a median follow-up of 18 days, however, viral load data were not collected to confirm the antiviral effects of RDV.
T454 6018-6244 Sentence denotes The biggest issue with this study is that the authors did not include a group without RDV, which hampers the performance of comparative statistical analyses to prove whether the data found resulted from the treatment with RDV.
T455 6245-6475 Sentence denotes Another double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous RDV conducted in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement was performed in different parts of the world (328).
T456 6476-6696 Sentence denotes The study of Beigel and colleagues (328) enrolled 1,063 COVID19 pneumonia patients, 538 of whom were assigned to the treatment with RDV and 521 to a placebo, showed the effectiveness of RDV in treating COVID-19 patients.
T457 6697-6909 Sentence denotes The drug was superior to the placebo in reducing the recovery time in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and decreased the mortality rate in the RDV group, however, this result did not reach statistical significance.
T458 6910-7168 Sentence denotes Antionori et al. (329), analyzing patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in an intensive care unit (ICU) who were treated for 10 days with RDV, found that on the 28th day, 38.9% showed improvement, 16.7% were still on mechanical ventilation, and 44.4% died.
T459 7169-7349 Sentence denotes The data suggest that this treatment can benefit hospitalized patients who are not in the ICU, where the clinical result was better and adverse events are observed less frequently.
T460 7350-7568 Sentence denotes Alternatively, the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial with 273 ill individuals performed by Wang et al. revealed that RDV intravenous administration was well-tolerated in COVID-19 patients.
T461 7569-7660 Sentence denotes However, the authors did not find any clinical improvement or significant antiviral effect.
T462 7661-7872 Sentence denotes Goldman et al. (330), in another phase 3 clinical trial on 397 patients with severe COVID-19 without mechanical ventilation support, also did not find differences between 5-day and 10-day courses of RDV therapy.
T463 7873-8080 Sentence denotes The RDV data currently available are still controversial, however, dozens of clinical studies are currently using this drug as an alternative treatment for COVID-19, possibly further elucidating its effects.
T464 8081-8257 Sentence denotes The efficiency of favipiravir, another anti-influenza RdRp inhibitor, has also been clinically assessed and was approved for COVID-19 treatment in China, March 2020 (331, 332).
T465 8258-8384 Sentence denotes An experimental study carried out with the VERO cell line showed that the drug has in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 (326).
T466 8385-8701 Sentence denotes Aiming at comparing the effects of favipiravir and lopinavir/ritonavir, Cai et al. (333) conducted an open, non-randomized, before-after controlled study with 80 patients and found that favipiravir favored viral clearance and improved chest CT, having caused fewer adverse effects than the lopinavir/ritonavir group.
T467 8702-8770 Sentence denotes Currently, 31 clinical trials using this medication are in progress.
T468 8771-8979 Sentence denotes Regarding antivirals, type I IFN is a group of cytokines comprising the α and β subtypes, among others, with an important role in antiviral immunity that interferes with viral replication, as discussed above.
T469 8980-9267 Sentence denotes Many studies have shown the protective effect of type I IFN associated with antiviral therapies for patients with SARS and MERS [reviewed by Sallard et al. (334)], which arouses the interest of the scientific community in type I IFN as a potential treatment against SARS-CoV-2 (334–337).
T470 9268-9420 Sentence denotes Despite their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 (338, 339), the results of in vitro studies using IFN-α and -β to treat COVID-19 patients remain inconclusive.
T471 9421-9632 Sentence denotes Such uncertain nature of the results is associated with biases present in these studies, which include limited-size sample, heterogeneous experimental designs/clinical status, and the type of IFN isoform tested.
T472 9633-9827 Sentence denotes In addition, since COVID-19 treatments rarely involve monotherapy, it is difficult to assess whether the results derived from the tested IFN or the drugs used in combination (322, 323, 340–343).
T473 9828-10084 Sentence denotes It is also worth mentioning that, as discussed above, type I IFN appears to exacerbate inflammation in the progression to severe COVID-19; the timing of administration and subgroups targeted for treatment with type I IFN need to be considered with caution.
T474 10085-10441 Sentence denotes A recent retrospective multicenter cohort study of 446 Chinese patients with COVID-19 reported that among severe to critical COVID-19 patients, early administration (≤5 days after admission) of IFN-α2b decreased mortality in comparison with no admission of IFN-α2b, whereas no significant benefit was associated with IFN-α2b use in moderately ill patients.
T475 10442-10558 Sentence denotes However, late use of IFN-α2b increased mortality and delayed recovery of severe to critical COVID-19 patients (344).
T476 10559-10784 Sentence denotes Zhou et al. (341), investigated the isolated effect of IFN-α in a cohort study comparing 77 patients with moderate COVID-19 treated with nebulized IFN-α2b (5 mU b.i.d.), oral arbidol (200 mg t.i.d.), or a combination of both.
T477 10785-11066 Sentence denotes Although the study did not include a control group, the treatment with IFN-α2b, either containing arbidol or not, significantly reduced the duration of detectable virus in the upper respiratory tract and the circulating of inflammatory markers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels).
T478 11067-11396 Sentence denotes Still, in a retrospective multicenter cohort study with 141 mild COVID-19 patients by Xu et al. (342), the arbidol/IFN-α2b combination proved more effective in accelerating pneumonia recovery than IFN-α2b monotherapy, but this was not the case for viral clearance or reducing the length of hospital stay than IFN-α2b monotherapy.
T479 11397-11738 Sentence denotes Hung et al. (322) assessed the effect of IFN-β on COVID-19 patients and found that the triple combination of IFN-β1b, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin was safer and more effective than lopinavir/ritonavir alone at alleviating symptoms, shortening the duration of viral shedding and hospital stay in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.
T480 11739-11868 Sentence denotes Similarly, an open randomized clinical trial was carried out by Danoudi-Monfared et al. (345), analyzing treatment with IFN-β-1a.
T481 11869-12109 Sentence denotes The IFN group of COVID-19 patients (n=42) received IFN β-1a in addition to the protocol medications (hydroxychloroquine plus lopinavir-ritonavir or atazanavir-ritonavir) while the control group (n=39) received only the protocol medications.
T482 12110-12237 Sentence denotes The IFN-β-1a-treated patients showed a significantly increased discharge rate on day 14 and decreased mortality within 28 days.
T483 12238-12346 Sentence denotes A better survival rate was also observed when patients received IFN- β-1a in the early stage of the disease.
T484 12347-12443 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 treatment guidelines of many countries already recommend the use of IFNs α/β (335).
T485 12444-12570 Sentence denotes Currently, all over the world, more than 20 clinical trials are using IFN-α and/or β alone or in association with other drugs.

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
3159 15-17 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3160 129-139 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3161 478-488 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3162 450-461 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3163 565-584 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3164 586-593 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3165 595-604 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3166 606-616 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
3167 618-629 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3168 248-257 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
3169 405-417 Disease denotes lung lesions MESH:D008171
3183 1137-1139 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3184 704-706 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3185 959-987 Species denotes human immunodeficiency virus Tax:12721
3186 899-909 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3187 989-992 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
3188 1388-1391 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
3189 1214-1215 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3190 1014-1023 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3191 1028-1037 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
3192 1048-1057 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3193 1201-1210 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
3194 1281-1290 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3195 788-804 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
3199 1705-1707 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3200 1631-1633 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3201 1486-1494 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
3214 1812-1822 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3215 1929-1939 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3216 2284-2292 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3217 2213-2214 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3218 1898-1899 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3219 1794-1803 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
3220 1854-1863 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
3221 1964-1983 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3222 2240-2259 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3223 1920-1928 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
3224 2013-2021 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
3225 2275-2283 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3238 2416-2424 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3239 2836-2846 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3240 2485-2486 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3241 2459-2460 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3242 2348-2349 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3243 2487-2506 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3244 2571-2590 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3245 2785-2804 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3246 2889-2908 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3247 2407-2415 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
3248 2678-2687 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3249 2854-2862 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3268 3568-3570 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3269 3485-3487 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3270 3238-3240 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3271 3082-3090 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3272 3442-3452 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3273 3247-3256 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
3274 3176-3177 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3275 3105-3106 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3276 3044-3045 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3277 2984-3003 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3278 3009-3016 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3279 3131-3150 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3280 3152-3159 Chemical denotes Arbidol MESH:C086979
3281 3161-3171 Chemical denotes umifenovir MESH:C086979
3282 3384-3391 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3283 3560-3567 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3284 3073-3081 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3285 3577-3585 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3300 3654-3656 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3301 3952-3960 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3302 4219-4220 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3303 4180-4181 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3304 3629-3636 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3305 3880-3887 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3306 4001-4008 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3307 4103-4122 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3308 4310-4329 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3309 3738-3747 Disease denotes low fever MESH:D005334
3310 3768-3777 Disease denotes dry cough MESH:D003371
3311 3943-3951 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3312 4255-4260 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
3313 4264-4268 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
3326 4451-4453 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3327 4418-4420 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3328 4427-4435 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
3329 4531-4539 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3330 4665-4666 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3331 4602-4603 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3332 4566-4567 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3333 4337-4346 Chemical denotes Ribavirin MESH:D012254
3334 4398-4417 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3335 4552-4561 Chemical denotes Ribavirin MESH:D012254
3336 4508-4512 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
3337 4517-4522 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
3349 4912-4923 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
3350 5069-5077 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3351 5286-5294 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3352 4992-4993 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3353 4841-4850 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3354 4880-4890 Chemical denotes sofosbuvir MESH:D000069474
3355 5047-5056 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3356 5147-5156 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3357 5264-5273 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3358 5060-5068 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3359 5277-5285 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3385 6175-6177 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3386 5977-5979 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3387 5409-5411 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3388 5366-5376 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3389 5510-5523 Species denotes Coronaviridae Tax:11118
3390 5531-5539 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
3391 5546-5554 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
3392 5623-5633 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3393 5702-5710 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3394 5809-5817 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3395 6088-6089 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3396 5902-5903 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3397 5670-5671 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3398 5296-5306 Chemical denotes Remdesivir MESH:C000606551
3399 5308-5311 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3400 5441-5444 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3401 5563-5566 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3402 5724-5727 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3403 5768-5774 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
3404 6013-6016 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3405 6104-6107 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3406 6240-6243 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3407 5424-5439 Disease denotes virus infection MESH:D001102
3408 5693-5701 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3409 5875-5884 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3427 6719-6721 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3428 6620-6622 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3429 6586-6588 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3430 6550-6558 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3431 6687-6695 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3432 6789-6797 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3433 6393-6404 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3434 6623-6624 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3435 6319-6322 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3436 6608-6611 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3437 6662-6665 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3438 6838-6841 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3439 6361-6369 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3440 6532-6549 Disease denotes COVID19 pneumonia MESH:C000657245
3441 6678-6686 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3442 6780-6788 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3443 6816-6825 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3448 6944-6952 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3449 7231-7239 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3450 7050-7053 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3451 6965-6983 Disease denotes COVID-19 pneumonia MESH:C000657245
3460 7559-7567 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3461 7724-7732 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3462 7497-7500 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3463 7860-7863 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3464 7877-7880 Chemical denotes RDV MESH:C000606551
3465 7550-7558 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3466 7745-7753 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3467 8029-8037 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3477 8367-8377 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3478 8547-8555 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3479 8125-8134 Species denotes influenza Tax:11309
3480 8099-8110 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3481 8420-8431 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3482 8436-8455 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3483 8571-8582 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
3484 8675-8694 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3485 8206-8214 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3495 9360-9372 Gene denotes IFN-α and -β Gene:3439
3496 9209-9212 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3497 9080-9088 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3498 9246-9256 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3499 9299-9309 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
3500 9391-9399 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3501 9216-9217 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3502 8807-8808 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3503 9382-9390 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3515 10054-10056 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3516 9947-9949 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3517 9901-9903 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3518 9716-9718 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3519 10045-10048 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3520 9889-9892 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3521 9770-9773 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3522 9613-9616 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3523 9652-9660 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3524 9915-9927 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
3525 9957-9965 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3542 10279-10286 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3543 10342-10349 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3544 10402-10409 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3545 10463-10470 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3546 10522-10524 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3547 10198-10200 Gene denotes to Gene:6999
3548 10148-10156 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3549 10219-10227 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3550 10432-10440 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3551 10543-10551 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3552 10085-10086 Gene denotes A Gene:351
3553 10162-10170 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3554 10210-10218 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3555 10297-10306 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3556 10481-10490 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3557 10534-10542 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3571 10614-10619 Gene denotes IFN-α Gene:3439
3572 10706-10713 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3573 10856-10863 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3574 11030-11034 Gene denotes IL-6 Gene:3569
3575 11039-11057 Gene denotes C-reactive protein Gene:1401
3576 10651-10659 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3577 10967-10978 Species denotes respiratory Tax:12814
3578 10820-10821 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3579 10762-10763 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3580 10623-10624 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3581 10734-10741 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3582 10883-10890 Chemical denotes arbidol MESH:C086979
3583 10674-10682 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3591 11182-11189 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3592 11264-11271 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3593 11376-11383 Gene denotes IFN-α2b Gene:3440
3594 11141-11149 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3595 11077-11078 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3596 11132-11140 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3597 11240-11249 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
3617 11438-11443 Gene denotes IFN-β Gene:3439
3618 11456-11464 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3619 11698-11706 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3620 11895-11903 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3621 12131-12139 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3622 12284-12292 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
3623 12238-12239 Gene denotes A Gene:351
3624 12147-12148 Gene denotes a Gene:351
3625 11873-11876 Gene denotes IFN Gene:3439
3626 11515-11534 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3627 11540-11549 Chemical denotes ribavirin MESH:D012254
3628 11584-11603 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
3629 11970-11988 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
3630 11994-12013 Chemical denotes lopinavir-ritonavir MESH:C558899
3631 12017-12037 Chemical denotes atazanavir-ritonavir
3632 11447-11455 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3633 11729-11737 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3634 11886-11894 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
3635 12212-12221 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
3639 12514-12519 Gene denotes IFN-α Gene:3439
3640 12433-12436 Gene denotes α/β Gene:351
3641 12351-12359 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245