PMC:7647877 / 43770-45723 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7647877","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7647877","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7647877","text":"Vitamin E\nVitamin E exists mainly in the form of tocopherols present in high amounts in nuts and vegetable oils, whereas tocotrienols are found predominantly in some seeds and grains. This vitamin is involved in immunity and host susceptibility to infection [112].\nA positive association was demonstrated between plasma vitamin E and cell-mediated immune responses, while a negative association was observed among plasma vitamin E and the risk of infections in healthy adults over 60 years of age [8]. It protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals and supports the integrity of epithelial barriers [79].\nVitamin E has also been shown to regulate the maturation and functions of dendritic cells, which are important for the innate and adaptive immune systems [112]. The immune response mechanisms in which vitamin E is involved are as follows: (i) maintains or improves the cytotoxic activity of NK cells [82] and reduces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, mediated through decreasing of nitric oxide production [64, 112, 113]; (ii) the improvement of immune synapse formation in naive T cells, increasing the percentage of memory experienced with the antigen [112]; (iii) the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance. Indeed it improves lymphocyte proliferation and T cell mediated functions, optimizes and improves the Th1 response and suppress Th2 response [95]. The role of this vitamin in the prevention of infections such as influenza has been discussed, but more controlled studies in humans are needed [114].\nNotably, it is accepted that vitamin E may exert its immune-enhancing effects by scavenging oxygen species to reduce oxidative stress [112] and it may induce anti-inflammatory effects [113]. In particular, it appears to be an important fat-soluble antioxidant that hinders the chain reaction induced by free radicals (chain breaking effect) and protects cells from them 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