PMC:7601109 / 43405-45140 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7601109","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7601109","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7601109","text":"Japanese researchers proved that oral consumption of royal jelly and 10-HDA induced mitochondrial adaptation in the soleus muscle when accompanied with endurance training. These compounds also enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by inducing the phosphorylation of AMPK [106,112], an effect that was mediated by the upstream kinase Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent kinaseβ—independently of changes in AMP:ATP ratio and the liver kinase B1 pathway. Activation of AMPK was followed by translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane of L6 myotubes [106]. It is note-worthy that effects of royal jelly on mitochondrial biogenesis under endurance training were muscle-specific. In this respect, neither endurance training nor royal jelly alone had an effect on the maximal activities of CS and β-HAD—the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids—in the soleus muscle, which comprises type I fiber (around 35–45%) and type IIa (around 35–50%). On the other hand, royal jelly enhanced the activity of these enzymes in the soleus muscle of mice on endurance training. Of interest, endurance training increased the activity of CS and β-HAD in the plantaris and tibialis anterior muscles (which are mainly type II fiber with a total percentage of type IIb and type IIx fiber types of 90%) while royal jelly failed to exert an effect on these muscles in sedentary mice [106]. Nonetheless, the observed effects of royal jelly in the soleus muscle represent a merit. This is mainly because the oxidative type I fibers (e.g., soleus muscle) naturally undergo higher protein turnover (especially degradation), which makes them unable to grow in size or respond properly to insufficient nutrient intake 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