PMC:7601109 / 40633-41460 JSONTXT

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    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":28,"end":34},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A55","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T55","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T248","span":{"begin":9,"end":15},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T249","span":{"begin":28,"end":34},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T250","span":{"begin":49,"end":56},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T251","span":{"begin":61,"end":68},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T252","span":{"begin":77,"end":84},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T253","span":{"begin":138,"end":146},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T254","span":{"begin":165,"end":171},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T255","span":{"begin":221,"end":233},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T256","span":{"begin":234,"end":255},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T257","span":{"begin":306,"end":313},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T258","span":{"begin":343,"end":355},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T259","span":{"begin":343,"end":347},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T260","span":{"begin":360,"end":367},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T261","span":{"begin":398,"end":404},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T262","span":{"begin":405,"end":412},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T263","span":{"begin":462,"end":473},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T264","span":{"begin":486,"end":492},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T265","span":{"begin":568,"end":575},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T266","span":{"begin":591,"end":598},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T267","span":{"begin":641,"end":647},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T268","span":{"begin":730,"end":736},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T269","span":{"begin":800,"end":807},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A248","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T248","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma32558"},{"id":"A249","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T249","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"},{"id":"A250","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T250","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma83365"},{"id":"A251","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T251","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"},{"id":"A252","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T252","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma83365"},{"id":"A253","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T253","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A254","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T254","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma32558"},{"id":"A255","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T255","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67717"},{"id":"A256","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T256","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63842"},{"id":"A257","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T257","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"},{"id":"A258","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T258","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A259","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T259","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A260","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T260","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"},{"id":"A261","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T261","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma32558"},{"id":"A262","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T262","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A263","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T263","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739"},{"id":"A264","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T264","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma32558"},{"id":"A265","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T265","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma83365"},{"id":"A266","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T266","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"},{"id":"A267","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T267","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma32558"},{"id":"A268","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T268","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma32558"},{"id":"A269","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T269","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":591,"end":610},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A92","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T92","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001076"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T530","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001134"},{"id":"T531","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0014892"},{"id":"T532","span":{"begin":0,"end":15},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000888"},{"id":"T533","span":{"begin":49,"end":56},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000009054"},{"id":"T534","span":{"begin":77,"end":84},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000009054"},{"id":"T535","span":{"begin":150,"end":155},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T536","span":{"begin":156,"end":171},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001134"},{"id":"T537","span":{"begin":156,"end":171},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0014892"},{"id":"T538","span":{"begin":156,"end":171},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000888"},{"id":"T539","span":{"begin":343,"end":347},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T540","span":{"begin":398,"end":404},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001630"},{"id":"T541","span":{"begin":398,"end":404},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0005090"},{"id":"T542","span":{"begin":398,"end":404},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000801"},{"id":"T543","span":{"begin":398,"end":404},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0001949"},{"id":"T544","span":{"begin":477,"end":492},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001134"},{"id":"T545","span":{"begin":477,"end":492},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0014892"},{"id":"T546","span":{"begin":477,"end":492},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000888"},{"id":"T547","span":{"begin":568,"end":575},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000009054"},{"id":"T548","span":{"begin":641,"end":647},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001630"},{"id":"T549","span":{"begin":641,"end":647},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0005090"},{"id":"T550","span":{"begin":641,"end":647},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000801"},{"id":"T551","span":{"begin":641,"end":647},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0001949"},{"id":"T552","span":{"begin":721,"end":736},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001134"},{"id":"T553","span":{"begin":721,"end":736},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0014892"},{"id":"T554","span":{"begin":721,"end":736},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000888"},{"id":"T555","span":{"begin":752,"end":762},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T556","span":{"begin":790,"end":799},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T590","span":{"begin":49,"end":56},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T591","span":{"begin":61,"end":68},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T593","span":{"begin":77,"end":84},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T594","span":{"begin":138,"end":146},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T595","span":{"begin":191,"end":198},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T597","span":{"begin":306,"end":313},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T599","span":{"begin":360,"end":367},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T601","span":{"begin":405,"end":412},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T602","span":{"begin":462,"end":473},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T603","span":{"begin":462,"end":467},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T604","span":{"begin":468,"end":473},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T605","span":{"begin":568,"end":575},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T606","span":{"begin":591,"end":598},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T608","span":{"begin":671,"end":690},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T609","span":{"begin":699,"end":708},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T610","span":{"begin":766,"end":775},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T611","span":{"begin":800,"end":807},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A590","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T590","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145810"},{"id":"A591","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T591","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"A592","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T591","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"A593","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T593","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5931"},{"id":"A594","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T594","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A595","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T595","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22984"},{"id":"A596","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T595","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29320"},{"id":"A597","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T597","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"A598","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T597","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"A599","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T599","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"A600","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T599","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"A601","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T601","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A602","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T602","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33709"},{"id":"A603","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T603","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882"},{"id":"A604","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T604","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527"},{"id":"A605","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T605","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5931"},{"id":"A606","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T606","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234"},{"id":"A607","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T606","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167"},{"id":"A608","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T608","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35526"},{"id":"A609","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T609","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6801"},{"id":"A610","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T610","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16335"},{"id":"A611","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T611","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":61,"end":75},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046323"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":69,"end":75},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0098739"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":69,"end":75},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0098657"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":109,"end":134},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006119"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":119,"end":134},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016310"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":191,"end":211},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051209"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":306,"end":325},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1904659"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":360,"end":374},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046323"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":368,"end":374},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0098739"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":368,"end":374},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0098657"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":405,"end":422},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006412"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":413,"end":422},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":737,"end":747},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008152"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":816,"end":820},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050405"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":816,"end":820},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0047322"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":816,"end":820},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004691"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PD-HP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":568,"end":586},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":591,"end":610},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A43","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T43","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000855"},{"id":"A44","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001952"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T252","span":{"begin":0,"end":76},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T253","span":{"begin":77,"end":375},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T254","span":{"begin":376,"end":567},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T255","span":{"begin":568,"end":653},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T256","span":{"begin":654,"end":827},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}

    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"926","span":{"begin":306,"end":327},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"927","span":{"begin":329,"end":334},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"928","span":{"begin":568,"end":575},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"929","span":{"begin":816,"end":820},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"930","span":{"begin":77,"end":84},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"931","span":{"begin":49,"end":56},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"932","span":{"begin":629,"end":632},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"933","span":{"begin":150,"end":155},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"934","span":{"begin":434,"end":440},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"935","span":{"begin":61,"end":68},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"936","span":{"begin":191,"end":198},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"937","span":{"begin":360,"end":367},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"938","span":{"begin":591,"end":598},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"939","span":{"begin":699,"end":708},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"940","span":{"begin":766,"end":775},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"941","span":{"begin":641,"end":652},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A926","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"926","obj":"Gene:6517"},{"id":"A927","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"927","obj":"Gene:6517"},{"id":"A928","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"928","obj":"Gene:3630"},{"id":"A929","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"929","obj":"Gene:78975"},{"id":"A930","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"930","obj":"Gene:3630"},{"id":"A931","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"931","obj":"Gene:3630"},{"id":"A932","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"932","obj":"Gene:81759"},{"id":"A933","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"933","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A934","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"934","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A935","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"935","obj":"MESH:D005947"},{"id":"A936","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"936","obj":"MESH:D002118"},{"id":"A937","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"937","obj":"MESH:D005947"},{"id":"A938","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"938","obj":"MESH:D005947"},{"id":"A939","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"939","obj":"MESH:D008687"},{"id":"A940","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"940","obj":"MESH:D000241"},{"id":"A941","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"941","obj":"MESH:D009135"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Skeletal muscle is the main tissue that utilizes insulin for glucose uptake. Insulin regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of proteins in human skeletal muscle and contributes to calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria to stimulate the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface for glucose uptake. This process improves muscle protein synthesis in healthy people when the delivery of amino acids to skeletal muscle is increased, eventually leading to increased muscular mass [124,125,126]. Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance increase with old age evoking muscle loss. In this respect, hypoglycemic agents such as metformin can improve skeletal muscle metabolism via activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [21]."}