PMC:7600245 / 69974-71491 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7600245","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7600245","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7600245","text":"4.18. Chlorhexidine (Peridex)\nChlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum, guanidino-containing antimicrobial agent (Figure S6) that is widely used as antiseptic. It was first approved in the U.S. in 1986 and is used for gingivitis and periodontitis. It is also used for the oropharyngeal sanitization to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia. It is used as a skin disinfectant for preoperative skin preparation. It can also be used to disinfect hands, surface wounds, surgical tools, and surgical scrub, for both patients and healthcare workers [252,253,254,255].\nMechanistically, it has both micro-biostatic and micro-biocidal effects depending on its concentration. The former effect happens at low concentrations due to the binding of this cationic molecule to the negatively charged extracellular components of some microbes, which causes an alteration of osmotic equilibrium and leakage of essential ions. At higher concentrations, the molecule gets into the microbial cells and precipitates intracellular components, leading to microbial death [252,253,254,255]. Currently, 0.12% chlorhexidine oral/nasal rinse is being tested in a randomized, open-label, single-institution study so as to evaluate its potential to reduce oro- and naso-pharyngeal viral load in patients with COVID-19 (NCT04344236; n = 48). Recently, computational methods have proposed chlorhexidine to be an inhibitor of 3CLpro and/or RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 [169], yet this potential is to be experimentally demonstrated.","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":29}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":30,"end":588}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T303","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T304","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T305","span":{"begin":470,"end":484},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T306","span":{"begin":999,"end":1004},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A303","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T303","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163"},{"id":"A304","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T304","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163"},{"id":"A305","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T305","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25240"},{"id":"A306","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T306","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"subj":"T303","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T304","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T305","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T306","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":470,"end":475},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A35","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014"},{"id":"A36","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014"},{"id":"A37","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T37","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"},{"subj":"T35","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T36","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T37","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T330","span":{"begin":211,"end":221},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T331","span":{"begin":226,"end":239},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T332","span":{"begin":357,"end":366},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T333","span":{"begin":485,"end":491},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T334","span":{"begin":1307,"end":1315},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T335","span":{"begin":1443,"end":1451},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A330","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T330","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002508"},{"id":"A331","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T331","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005076"},{"id":"A332","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T332","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249"},{"id":"A333","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T333","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021178"},{"id":"A334","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T334","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A335","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T335","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"subj":"T330","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T331","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T332","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T333","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T334","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T335","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T714","span":{"begin":47,"end":48},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T715","span":{"begin":382,"end":383},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T716","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014"},{"id":"T717","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003"},{"id":"T718","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097"},{"id":"T719","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199"},{"id":"T720","span":{"begin":384,"end":388},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962"},{"id":"T721","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014"},{"id":"T722","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003"},{"id":"T723","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097"},{"id":"T724","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199"},{"id":"T725","span":{"begin":419,"end":423},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962"},{"id":"T726","span":{"begin":609,"end":612},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T727","span":{"begin":999,"end":1004},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T728","span":{"begin":1151,"end":1157},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T729","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1162},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T730","span":{"begin":1180,"end":1185},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225"},{"id":"T731","span":{"begin":1334,"end":1336},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T714","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T715","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T716","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T717","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T718","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T719","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T720","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T721","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T722","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T723","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T724","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T725","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T726","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T727","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T728","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T729","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T730","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T731","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T83877","span":{"begin":6,"end":19},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T251","span":{"begin":21,"end":28},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T252","span":{"begin":30,"end":43},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T51057","span":{"begin":65,"end":74},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T254","span":{"begin":86,"end":105},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7001","span":{"begin":141,"end":151},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T70836","span":{"begin":389,"end":401},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T84856","span":{"begin":777,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T94572","span":{"begin":930,"end":934},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T28738","span":{"begin":966,"end":974},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T77845","span":{"begin":1111,"end":1124},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T84072","span":{"begin":1180,"end":1185},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3791","span":{"begin":1254,"end":1257},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T49188","span":{"begin":1385,"end":1398},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T264","span":{"begin":1408,"end":1417},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A61801","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T83877","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3614"},{"id":"A37991","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T251","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28312"},{"id":"A20664","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T252","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3614"},{"id":"A68995","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T51057","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48551"},{"id":"A13054","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T254","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281"},{"id":"A56441","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T7001","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48218"},{"id":"A2130","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T70836","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219"},{"id":"A39194","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T84856","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"A40382","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T94572","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870"},{"id":"A13629","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T28738","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367"},{"id":"A98901","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T77845","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3614"},{"id":"A94345","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T84072","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209"},{"id":"A33582","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T3791","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287"},{"id":"A6595","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T49188","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3614"},{"id":"A42195","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T264","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222"},{"subj":"T83877","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T251","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T252","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T51057","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T254","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T7001","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T70836","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T84856","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T94572","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T28738","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T77845","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T84072","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T3791","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T49188","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T264","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":211,"end":221},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":226,"end":239},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":357,"end":366},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A88","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T88","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000230"},{"id":"A89","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T89","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000704"},{"id":"A90","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T90","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"subj":"T88","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T89","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T90","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T544","span":{"begin":0,"end":5},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T545","span":{"begin":6,"end":29},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T546","span":{"begin":30,"end":152},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T547","span":{"begin":153,"end":240},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T548","span":{"begin":241,"end":367},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T549","span":{"begin":368,"end":436},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T550","span":{"begin":437,"end":588},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T551","span":{"begin":589,"end":692},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T552","span":{"begin":693,"end":935},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T553","span":{"begin":936,"end":1093},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T554","span":{"begin":1094,"end":1338},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T555","span":{"begin":1339,"end":1517},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T544","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T545","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T546","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T547","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T548","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T549","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T550","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T551","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T552","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T553","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T554","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T555","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"2176","span":{"begin":6,"end":19},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2177","span":{"begin":21,"end":28},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2184","span":{"begin":538,"end":546},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2185","span":{"begin":30,"end":43},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2186","span":{"begin":65,"end":74},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2187","span":{"begin":211,"end":221},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2188","span":{"begin":226,"end":239},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2189","span":{"begin":357,"end":366},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2197","span":{"begin":1435,"end":1439},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2198","span":{"begin":1293,"end":1301},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2199","span":{"begin":1443,"end":1453},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2200","span":{"begin":1111,"end":1124},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2201","span":{"begin":1385,"end":1398},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2202","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1074},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2203","span":{"begin":1307,"end":1315},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2176","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2176","obj":"MESH:D002710"},{"id":"A2177","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2177","obj":"MESH:C010882"},{"id":"A2184","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2184","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A2185","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2185","obj":"MESH:D002710"},{"id":"A2187","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2187","obj":"MESH:D005891"},{"id":"A2188","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2188","obj":"MESH:D010518"},{"id":"A2189","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2189","obj":"MESH:D011014"},{"id":"A2197","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2197","obj":"Gene:43740578"},{"id":"A2198","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2198","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A2199","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2199","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A2200","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2200","obj":"MESH:D002710"},{"id":"A2201","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2201","obj":"MESH:D002710"},{"id":"A2202","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2202","obj":"MESH:D003643"},{"id":"A2203","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2203","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"subj":"2176","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2177","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2184","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2185","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2186","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2187","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2188","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2189","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2197","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2198","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2199","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2200","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2201","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2202","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2203","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","color":"#ecc393","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","color":"#a993ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","color":"#96ec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","color":"#ec93b0"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","color":"#93caec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-HP","color":"#e4ec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#da93ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#93ecc0"}]}]}}