PMC:7589163 / 57597-59135 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7589163","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7589163","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7589163","text":"Zinc’s effect on the immune system is complex; it can both enhance and inhibit different immune functions to reach a correct balance between pro and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms. A correct intake of zinc is essential to limit the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines: in vitro and human studies show that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased inflammatory response and excessive release of pro inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alfa, regulated through the NF-κB signaling pathway [230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237]. Zinc also enhances the number of inducible regulatory T cells [238,239,240,241]. Another important role played by zinc is the maintenance of membrane barrier integrity, which is essential in the pulmonary and intestinal epithelia that constitute the first barrier to protect the organism from pathogens. [242,243,244]. Zinc supplementation is also effective in decreasing oxidative stress [245,246], in shortening the duration of cold symptoms in adults [247], and was found to have a direct antiviral effect on RSV [248], Dengue virus [249], and coronaviruses [250]. Lastly, some authors suggested that a combination of chloroquine with zinc might enhance chloroquine’s toxicity on viruses [249,250,251,252]. Te Velthius et al. 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