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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":1675,"end":1692},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":2719,"end":2725},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":2763,"end":2769},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":2807,"end":2813},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A85","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T85","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000949"},{"id":"A86","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T86","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A87","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T87","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A88","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T88","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"}],"text":"6.1. Metabolism and Functions\nOmega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by the presence of a double bond at the omega−3 carbon atom. The simplest omega-3 fatty acid is α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), which is synthesized from the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (18:2n-6) by desaturation, catalysed by delta-15 desaturase.\nLinoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs), meaning that they must be obtained from the diet. Indeed, they are synthesized by plants and cannot be synthesized sufficiently by the human organism [190]. However, animals can metabolize α-linolenic acid by further desaturation and elongation to yield eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; known as EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; known as DHA). It is important to note that the same enzymes are employed by omega-6 fatty acids for their metabolic pathways, which leads to the production of arachidonic acid. This means that α-linolenic acid is a competitive inhibitor of linoleic acid metabolism and vice versa [191]. However, it has been demonstrated that the conversion to EPA and DHA is generally poor in humans, with reported rates of less than 15%. Therefore, these fatty acids must be supplied with food [192]. Alfa-linolenic acid is present in plant oils, DHA and EPA are present in fish, fish oils, and krill oils.\nOmega-3 fatty acids play important roles in the body as components of the phospholipids that form the structures of cell membranes. Furthermore, they provide energy for the body and are used to form eicosanoids, exercising several functions in the body’s cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems [189]. Both omega-3 and omega-6-derived metabolites have important immune-regulatory functions [193]. PUFAs represent substrates for the enzymatically production of molecules that play an important role in the resolution of inflammation, named specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) [194,195]. These molecules are distinct from immunosuppressive agents because they contribute to the inflammatory response resolution but also display antimicrobial action promoting host defence [196]. SPMs derived from omega-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) are classified as resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These pro-resolving mediators are important in supporting immune cell functions to neutralize and eliminate pathogens and play a crucial role in promoting the resolution of inflammation [197].\nOmega-3 fatty acids metabolites resolvins are effective in inhibiting neutrophil migration, reducing further neutrophil entry in the inflammation site [198,199]. Furthermore, SPMs exercise a potent anti-inflammatory action, also reducing tissue neutrophil activation and preventing tissue damage [197,200]. In order to obtain tissue resolution of inflammation, it is essential the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and protectins stimulate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells mediated by macrophages [201,202,203,204,205]. Furthermore, SPMs stimulate natural killer cells to trigger granulocyte apoptosis, accelerating the clearance of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes [206]. The anti-inflammatory response is promoted by SPMs also by dampening cytokine production. A study of Ariel et al. suggests that pro-resolving mediators upregulate CCR5 expression on apoptotic, activated T cells, thus sequestering pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promoting the resolution of the inflammation [207]."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":1917,"end":1929},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":2461,"end":2473},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":2551,"end":2571},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":2614,"end":2626},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":2828,"end":2840},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":3454,"end":3466},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A185","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T185","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A186","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T186","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A187","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T187","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008091"},{"id":"A188","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T188","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A189","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T189","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A190","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"}],"text":"6.1. Metabolism and Functions\nOmega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by the presence of a double bond at the omega−3 carbon atom. The simplest omega-3 fatty acid is α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), which is synthesized from the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (18:2n-6) by desaturation, catalysed by delta-15 desaturase.\nLinoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs), meaning that they must be obtained from the diet. Indeed, they are synthesized by plants and cannot be synthesized sufficiently by the human organism [190]. However, animals can metabolize α-linolenic acid by further desaturation and elongation to yield eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; known as EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; known as DHA). It is important to note that the same enzymes are employed by omega-6 fatty acids for their metabolic pathways, which leads to the production of arachidonic acid. This means that α-linolenic acid is a competitive inhibitor of linoleic acid metabolism and vice versa [191]. However, it has been demonstrated that the conversion to EPA and DHA is generally poor in humans, with reported rates of less than 15%. Therefore, these fatty acids must be supplied with food [192]. Alfa-linolenic acid is present in plant oils, DHA and EPA are present in fish, fish oils, and krill oils.\nOmega-3 fatty acids play important roles in the body as components of the phospholipids that form the structures of cell membranes. Furthermore, they provide energy for the body and are used to form eicosanoids, exercising several functions in the body’s cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems [189]. Both omega-3 and omega-6-derived metabolites have important immune-regulatory functions [193]. PUFAs represent substrates for the enzymatically production of molecules that play an important role in the resolution of inflammation, named specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) [194,195]. These molecules are distinct from immunosuppressive agents because they contribute to the inflammatory response resolution but also display antimicrobial action promoting host defence [196]. SPMs derived from omega-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) are classified as resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These pro-resolving mediators are important in supporting immune cell functions to neutralize and eliminate pathogens and play a crucial role in promoting the resolution of inflammation [197].\nOmega-3 fatty acids metabolites resolvins are effective in inhibiting neutrophil migration, reducing further neutrophil entry in the inflammation site [198,199]. Furthermore, SPMs exercise a potent anti-inflammatory action, also reducing tissue neutrophil activation and preventing tissue damage [197,200]. In order to obtain tissue resolution of inflammation, it is essential the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and protectins stimulate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells mediated by macrophages [201,202,203,204,205]. Furthermore, SPMs stimulate natural killer cells to trigger granulocyte apoptosis, accelerating the clearance of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes [206]. The anti-inflammatory response is promoted by SPMs also by dampening cytokine production. A study of Ariel et al. suggests that pro-resolving mediators upregulate CCR5 expression on apoptotic, activated T cells, thus sequestering pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promoting the resolution of the inflammation [207]."}

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T277","span":{"begin":0,"end":4},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T278","span":{"begin":5,"end":29},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T279","span":{"begin":30,"end":176},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T280","span":{"begin":177,"end":363},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T281","span":{"begin":364,"end":502},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T282","span":{"begin":503,"end":609},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T283","span":{"begin":610,"end":802},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T284","span":{"begin":803,"end":965},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T285","span":{"begin":966,"end":1075},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T286","span":{"begin":1076,"end":1211},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T287","span":{"begin":1212,"end":1274},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T288","span":{"begin":1275,"end":1380},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T289","span":{"begin":1381,"end":1512},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T290","span":{"begin":1513,"end":1699},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T291","span":{"begin":1700,"end":1794},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T292","span":{"begin":1795,"end":1990},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T293","span":{"begin":1991,"end":2181},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T294","span":{"begin":2182,"end":2287},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T295","span":{"begin":2288,"end":2480},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T296","span":{"begin":2481,"end":2642},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T297","span":{"begin":2643,"end":2787},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T298","span":{"begin":2788,"end":3000},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T299","span":{"begin":3001,"end":3159},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T300","span":{"begin":3160,"end":3249},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T301","span":{"begin":3250,"end":3473},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"6.1. Metabolism and Functions\nOmega-3 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by the presence of a double bond at the omega−3 carbon atom. The simplest omega-3 fatty acid is α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), which is synthesized from the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (18:2n-6) by desaturation, catalysed by delta-15 desaturase.\nLinoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs), meaning that they must be obtained from the diet. Indeed, they are synthesized by plants and cannot be synthesized sufficiently by the human organism [190]. However, animals can metabolize α-linolenic acid by further desaturation and elongation to yield eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; known as EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; known as DHA). It is important to note that the same enzymes are employed by omega-6 fatty acids for their metabolic pathways, which leads to the production of arachidonic acid. This means that α-linolenic acid is a competitive inhibitor of linoleic acid metabolism and vice versa [191]. However, it has been demonstrated that the conversion to EPA and DHA is generally poor in humans, with reported rates of less than 15%. Therefore, these fatty acids must be supplied with food [192]. Alfa-linolenic acid is present in plant oils, DHA and EPA are present in fish, fish oils, and krill oils.\nOmega-3 fatty acids play important roles in the body as components of the phospholipids that form the structures of cell membranes. Furthermore, they provide energy for the body and are used to form eicosanoids, exercising several functions in the body’s cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems [189]. Both omega-3 and omega-6-derived metabolites have important immune-regulatory functions [193]. PUFAs represent substrates for the enzymatically production of molecules that play an important role in the resolution of inflammation, named specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) [194,195]. These molecules are distinct from immunosuppressive agents because they contribute to the inflammatory response resolution but also display antimicrobial action promoting host defence [196]. SPMs derived from omega-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) are classified as resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These pro-resolving mediators are important in supporting immune cell functions to neutralize and eliminate pathogens and play a crucial role in promoting the resolution of inflammation [197].\nOmega-3 fatty acids metabolites resolvins are effective in inhibiting neutrophil migration, reducing further neutrophil entry in the inflammation site [198,199]. Furthermore, SPMs exercise a potent anti-inflammatory action, also reducing tissue neutrophil activation and preventing tissue damage [197,200]. In order to obtain tissue resolution of inflammation, it is essential the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and protectins stimulate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells mediated by macrophages [201,202,203,204,205]. Furthermore, SPMs stimulate natural killer cells to trigger granulocyte apoptosis, accelerating the clearance of apoptotic polymorphonuclear leukocytes [206]. The anti-inflammatory response is promoted by SPMs also by dampening cytokine production. A study of Ariel et al. suggests that pro-resolving mediators upregulate CCR5 expression on apoptotic, activated T cells, thus sequestering pro-inflammatory cytokines, and promoting the resolution of the inflammation [207]."}

LitCovid-PubTator

PMC:7589163 / 46536-50009 JSONTXT

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PMC:7589163 / 46536-50009 JSON TXT