PMC:7560789 / 95-3238 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7560789","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7560789","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7560789","text":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) can complicate influenza pneumonia in critically ill patients owing to viral destruction of bronchial mucosa, facilitating invasion of Aspergillus species, and compromised host defenses to Aspergillus (1). Given the association between IPA and increased mortality in influenza, rapid diagnostic investigations and early (preemptive) treatment of IPA are recommended in critically ill patients with influenza (2). In ICU patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the same principles may apply as in influenza. A high incidence of IPA in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU has been reported in small cohorts of patients, some of which appeared online (3–7). However, in these studies, a bronchoscopy with BAL was not consistently applied, which may hamper estimation of the IPA incidence in COVID-19, as a BAL to obtain material for culture and for galactomannan (GM) measurement is generally recommended for IPA diagnosis in the critically ill. However, owing to risk of aerosolization, only a restricted role for bronchoscopy with BAL is recommended in patients with COVID-19 (8). We have applied a diagnostic approach by performing a nondirected BAL via a closed-circuit suction catheter, which we describe in this letter. Using this nondirected BAL technique as a standard approach, we aimed to determine the proportion of patients with IPA in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 (PCR confirmed) requiring mechanical ventilation who were consecutively admitted to the ICU of our teaching hospital during a 3-week time frame in April 2020. The institutional review board of the Amsterdam University Medical Center considered the study as not requiring informed consent. The clinical AspICU algorithm can be used to distinguish IPA from colonization in critically ill patients (9), but as viral infection is not a classified host risk factor in this definition, the host factor was omitted. The IPA definition used in this paper is based on nondirected BAL GM testing with a cutoff of 1 optical density index, for which sensitivity and specificity are 86% and 95%, respectively, combined with worsening clinical symptoms (i.e., increase in C-reactive protein, worsening PaO2/FiO2 ratio, persistent or rising fever). Nondirected BAL was performed at a median of 2 days (range, 0–8 d) after ICU admission, in nonparalyzed patients, by advancing a 12-F suction catheter with a length of 54 cm via a closed circuit until bronchial wedging (Halyard Turbo-cleaning closed suction system for adults). Then, 2 × 20 ml of sterile NaCl 0.9% was given via the closed circuit and retrieved via the suction catheter. Samples were sent for GM (by ELISA, Platelia Aspergillus Ag from BIO-RAD) and culture only if it yielded nontransparent fluid. All patients received a 5-day course of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir, either of which was stopped upon the emergence of side effects. Differences between IPA and non-IPA were tested with Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U or chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test depending on data distribution. P value \u003c0.05 was considered statistically significant.","tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":131,"end":147},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":141,"end":147},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":2201,"end":2208},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":2711,"end":2713},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62652"},{"id":"A2","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma85355"},{"id":"A3","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A4","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":131,"end":147},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":141,"end":147},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000410"},{"id":"A2","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000344"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":19,"end":32},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":54,"end":63},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":64,"end":73},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":306,"end":315},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":437,"end":446},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":494,"end":502},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":541,"end":550},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":593,"end":601},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":840,"end":848},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1118,"end":1126},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1423,"end":1431},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1839,"end":1854},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1845,"end":1854},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":2563,"end":2570},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":2723,"end":2726},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005657"},{"id":"A4","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A5","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249"},{"id":"A6","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A7","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A8","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A9","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A10","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A11","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A12","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A13","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A14","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108"},{"id":"A15","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A16","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005047"},{"id":"A17","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007483"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":141,"end":147},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000344"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":552,"end":553},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":622,"end":625},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":734,"end":735},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":853,"end":854},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1042,"end":1043},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1148,"end":1149},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1184,"end":1185},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1206,"end":1207},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1315,"end":1316},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1397,"end":1398},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1556,"end":1559},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1787,"end":1799},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001155"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1862,"end":1863},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":2010,"end":2017},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":2023,"end":2024},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":2299,"end":2300},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2393,"end":2394},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2422,"end":2423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":2444,"end":2445},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":2803,"end":2804},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":2970,"end":2976},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":2994,"end":2998},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":3031,"end":3035},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":3051,"end":3055},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T21","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T22","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T23","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T24","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T25","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":34,"end":37},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":275,"end":278},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":385,"end":388},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":572,"end":575},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":754,"end":757},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":823,"end":826},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":855,"end":858},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":898,"end":911},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":913,"end":915},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":958,"end":961},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1085},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1198,"end":1201},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1298,"end":1301},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1390,"end":1393},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1778,"end":1781},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1945,"end":1948},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":2003,"end":2006},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":2007,"end":2009},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":2201,"end":2208},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":2278,"end":2281},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":2571,"end":2575},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":2676,"end":2678},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":2711,"end":2713},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":2821,"end":2839},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":2844,"end":2863},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":2844,"end":2853},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":2854,"end":2863},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":2949,"end":2952},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":2961,"end":2964},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A3","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A4","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A5","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A6","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A7","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A8","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A9","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A10","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A11","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A12","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A13","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A14","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27680"},{"id":"A15","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74120"},{"id":"A16","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27680"},{"id":"A17","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A18","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A19","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A20","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A21","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A22","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A23","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A24","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A25","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A26","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A27","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A28","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A29","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74120"},{"id":"A30","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27680"},{"id":"A31","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A32","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64198"},{"id":"A33","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710"},{"id":"A34","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74120"},{"id":"A35","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27680"},{"id":"A36","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512"},{"id":"A37","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141"},{"id":"A38","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801"},{"id":"A39","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924"},{"id":"A40","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781"},{"id":"A41","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T41","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409"},{"id":"A42","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A43","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"id":"A44","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17824"},{"id":"A45","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30802"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T20","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T21","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T22","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T24","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T26","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T28","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T31","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T32","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T33","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T34","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T36","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T38","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T39","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T40","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T41","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T42","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T44","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":1839,"end":1854},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":0,"end":244},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":245,"end":451},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":452,"end":551},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":552,"end":706},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":707,"end":994},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":995,"end":1131},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1274},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1275,"end":1590},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1591,"end":1720},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1940},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1941,"end":2265},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":2266,"end":2543},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":2544,"end":2653},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":2654,"end":2780},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":2781,"end":2928},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2929,"end":3087},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":3088,"end":3143},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T16","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T17","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T18","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T19","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":898,"end":911},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":913,"end":915},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":2007,"end":2009},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":2676,"end":2678},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0510"},{"id":"A2","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0510"},{"id":"A3","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0510"},{"id":"A4","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0510"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":0,"end":32},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":34,"end":37},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":64,"end":73},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":275,"end":278},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":385,"end":388},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":572,"end":575},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":823,"end":826},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":958,"end":961},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1390,"end":1393},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1778,"end":1781},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1945,"end":1948},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":2258,"end":2263},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":2949,"end":2952},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":2961,"end":2964},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A7","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A8","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A9","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A10","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A11","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A12","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A13","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A14","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"id":"A15","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020103"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T14","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"},{"subj":"T15","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-HP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"41","span":{"begin":2190,"end":2208},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"42","span":{"begin":92,"end":100},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"43","span":{"begin":423,"end":431},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"44","span":{"begin":459,"end":467},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"45","span":{"begin":579,"end":587},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"46","span":{"begin":660,"end":668},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"47","span":{"begin":1104,"end":1112},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"48","span":{"begin":1376,"end":1384},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"49","span":{"begin":1409,"end":1417},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"50","span":{"begin":1818,"end":1826},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"51","span":{"begin":2370,"end":2378},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"52","span":{"begin":2785,"end":2793},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"53","span":{"begin":174,"end":185},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"54","span":{"begin":228,"end":239},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"55","span":{"begin":2699,"end":2710},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"56","span":{"begin":898,"end":911},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"57","span":{"begin":913,"end":915},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"58","span":{"begin":2571,"end":2575},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"59","span":{"begin":2676,"end":2678},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"60","span":{"begin":2821,"end":2839},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"61","span":{"begin":2844,"end":2863},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"62","span":{"begin":0,"end":32},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"63","span":{"begin":64,"end":73},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"64","span":{"begin":77,"end":91},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"65","span":{"begin":293,"end":302},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"66","span":{"begin":408,"end":422},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"67","span":{"begin":473,"end":492},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"68","span":{"begin":494,"end":502},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"69","span":{"begin":593,"end":601},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"70","span":{"begin":840,"end":848},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"71","span":{"begin":979,"end":993},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"72","span":{"begin":1118,"end":1126},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"73","span":{"begin":1423,"end":1431},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"74","span":{"begin":1803,"end":1817},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"75","span":{"begin":1839,"end":1854},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"76","span":{"begin":2258,"end":2263},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"77","span":{"begin":2357,"end":2369},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A41","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"41","obj":"Gene:1401"},{"id":"A42","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"42","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A43","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"43","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A44","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"44","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A45","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"45","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A46","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"46","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A47","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"47","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A48","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"48","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A49","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"49","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A50","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"50","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A51","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"51","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A52","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"52","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A53","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"53","obj":"Tax:746128"},{"id":"A54","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"54","obj":"Tax:746128"},{"id":"A55","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"55","obj":"Tax:746128"},{"id":"A56","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"56","obj":"MESH:C012990"},{"id":"A57","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"57","obj":"MESH:C012990"},{"id":"A58","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"58","obj":"MESH:D012965"},{"id":"A59","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"59","obj":"MESH:C012990"},{"id":"A60","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"60","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A61","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"61","obj":"MESH:C558899"},{"id":"A62","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"62","obj":"MESH:D055744"},{"id":"A63","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"63","obj":"MESH:D011014"},{"id":"A64","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"64","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A65","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"65","obj":"MESH:D003643"},{"id":"A66","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"66","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A67","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"67","obj":"MESH:D018352"},{"id":"A68","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"68","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A69","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"69","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A70","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"70","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A71","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"71","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A72","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"72","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A73","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"73","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A74","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"74","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A75","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"75","obj":"MESH:D001102"},{"id":"A76","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"76","obj":"MESH:D005334"},{"subj":"41","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"42","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"43","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"44","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"45","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"46","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"47","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"48","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"49","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"50","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"51","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"52","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"53","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"54","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"55","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"56","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"57","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"58","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"59","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"60","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"61","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"62","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"63","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"64","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"65","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"66","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"67","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"68","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"69","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"70","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"71","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"72","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"73","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"74","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"75","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"76","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"77","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","color":"#eca093","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","color":"#93a0ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","color":"#baec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","color":"#ec93d4"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","color":"#93ecea"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","color":"#ecd093"},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#b693ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope","color":"#93ec9c"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-HP","color":"#ec93a3"},{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#93bdec"}]}]}}