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LitCovid-sample-MedDRA

LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":13,"end":24},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":100,"end":108},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":113,"end":121},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":162,"end":175},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":180,"end":190},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":704,"end":717},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1089,"end":1101},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A11","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3165"},{"id":"A9","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_147350"},{"id":"A10","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_2718"},{"id":"A12","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_147350"},{"id":"A13","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_2718"},{"id":"A7","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670"},{"id":"A6","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_2719"},{"id":"A14","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17089"},{"id":"A8","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon","denotations":[{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1057,"end":1065},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1057,"end":1061},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1192,"end":1202},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1192,"end":1196},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1244,"end":1252},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1432,"end":1440},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1711,"end":1721},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1711,"end":1715},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A20","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T20","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A22","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T22","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A23","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T23","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A27","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T27","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A24","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T24","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A26","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T26","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A25","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T25","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A21","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T21","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"NCBItxid","uri":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/NCBITAXON/"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":13,"end":191},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":192,"end":465},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":466,"end":546},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":547,"end":618},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":619,"end":718},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":719,"end":785},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":786,"end":985},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":986,"end":1158},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1159,"end":1373},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1374,"end":1615},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1616,"end":1795},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1796,"end":1903},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1904,"end":2074},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":451,"end":456},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1629,"end":1633},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A7","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"},{"id":"A6","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

LitCovid-sample-UniProt

LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":392,"end":399},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1066,"end":1071},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1203,"end":1208},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1362,"end":1366},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1441,"end":1455},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000467"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1585,"end":1591},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA","denotations":[{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":113,"end":121},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":451,"end":456},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1089,"end":1101},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1362,"end":1366},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1629,"end":1633},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A17","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A15","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088"},{"id":"A16","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62925"},{"id":"A18","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712"},{"id":"A14","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":414,"end":422},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000034"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":451,"end":456},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000036"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1629,"end":1633},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000091"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0","denotations":[{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":78,"end":88},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008152"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1330},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":377,"end":399},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":423,"end":435},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":440,"end":464},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1374,"end":1386},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1506,"end":1518},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A7","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001635"},{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-sample-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":78,"end":88},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008152"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1330},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":377,"end":399},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":423,"end":435},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":440,"end":464},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1374,"end":1386},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1506,"end":1518},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001635"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A7","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":13,"end":191},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":192,"end":465},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":466,"end":546},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":547,"end":618},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":619,"end":718},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":719,"end":785},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":786,"end":985},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":986,"end":1158},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1159,"end":1373},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1374,"end":1615},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1616,"end":1795},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1796,"end":1903},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1904,"end":2074},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Introduction\nAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the metabolism of several peptides and proteins, including chemical messengers, such as angiotensin I and bradykinin. The importance assumed by research focused on ACE biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology is closely linked to the clinical effectiveness showed by ACE inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, particularly arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. At present, ACE inhibitors are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide.\nIn 2000 a novel ACE-like enzyme, eventually named ACE2, was discovered. It showed a different substrate selectively, and in particular it could not activate angiotensin I. At the same time, it was not a target of classical ACE inhibitors. Investigations were therefore started, aiming at determining the role of ACE2, and the general hypothesis that ACE2 may counteract several physiological consequences of ACE activation was introduced. In 2003 ACE2 was also identified as the initial cellular target of the SARS-CoV virus, since its spike glycoprotein was found to be a high affinity ligand of membrane ACE2. Similar properties are shared by SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the huge impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered novel interest in ACE2, particularly in the regulation of its expression in different cell types.\nHypertension has been suggested to have a major impact on COVID-19 susceptibility and prognosis, therefore the elusive link between hypertension, anti-hypertensive drugs, and ACE2 expression has soon become the object of a major controversy. On the other hand, treatments able to interfere with ACE2 expression, or ACE2 availability for SARS-CoV-2 binding, have been identified as a novel goal of pharmaceutical research.\nThe purpose of the present review is to summarize the available knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and biology. We have also tried to point out some crucial open questions, which should be addressed to provide a better background for future experimental and clinical investigations."}

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