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LitCovid-sample-MedDRA

LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon","denotations":[{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":607,"end":612},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":3045,"end":3050},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":3818,"end":3824},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A77","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T77","obj":"NCBItxid:10090"},{"id":"A78","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T77","obj":"NCBItxid:10088"},{"id":"A80","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T80","obj":"NCBItxid:137507"},{"id":"A79","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T79","obj":"NCBItxid:9606"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"NCBItxid","uri":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/NCBITAXON/"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-sentences

LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":86,"end":91},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":96,"end":102},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":170,"end":176},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":936,"end":941},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":1860,"end":1866},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":1878,"end":1883},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":1885,"end":1892},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3703},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":4332,"end":4337},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A117","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T117","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"A114","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T114","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"A116","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T116","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A121","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T121","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001981"},{"id":"A122","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T122","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"A115","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T115","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113"},{"id":"A118","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T118","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062"},{"id":"A119","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T119","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"A120","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T120","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

LitCovid-sample-UniProt

LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO","denotations":[{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":936,"end":941},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":1860,"end":1866},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":2207,"end":2217},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000607"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":2292,"end":2296},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":2297,"end":2303},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":2542,"end":2547},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":3429,"end":3436},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000607"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3695},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":3818,"end":3824},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000636"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":931,"end":950},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":2801,"end":2822},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":2824,"end":2826},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":3095,"end":3117},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":4332,"end":4345},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":4597,"end":4609},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A64","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T64","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005021"},{"id":"A66","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T66","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044"},{"id":"A65","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T65","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005252"},{"id":"A61","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T61","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044"},{"id":"A63","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T63","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005068"},{"id":"A62","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T62","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005068"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT","denotations":[{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":86,"end":91},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000036"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":96,"end":102},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000119"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":936,"end":941},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000083"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":936,"end":941},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000315"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":1878,"end":1883},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000036"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":1885,"end":1892},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000393"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":1894,"end":1899},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000135"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":2528,"end":2541},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000303"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":2535,"end":2541},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000025"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":2774,"end":2783},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000497"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":3051,"end":3057},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000036"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3703},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000393"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3695},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000083"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":3690,"end":3695},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000315"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":4332,"end":4337},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000036"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0","denotations":[{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":379,"end":389},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":463,"end":479},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042310"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":1049,"end":1074},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004180"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":1579,"end":1598},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":1579,"end":1589},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":1618,"end":1643},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004180"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":2184,"end":2193},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":2198,"end":2217},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001816"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":2292,"end":2303},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016049"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":2297,"end":2303},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":2548,"end":2568},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1990874"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":3256,"end":3281},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004180"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":3987,"end":4004},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":3987,"end":3996},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":931,"end":950},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":2025,"end":2039},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2801,"end":2822},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2824,"end":2826},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":3095,"end":3117},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":3818,"end":3824},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":4332,"end":4345},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":4597,"end":4609},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A18","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001658"},{"id":"A22","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001635"},{"id":"A16","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A19","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001658"},{"id":"A23","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A17","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"},{"id":"A21","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100806"},{"id":"A20","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001644"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-sample-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":379,"end":389},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":463,"end":479},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042310"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":1049,"end":1074},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004180"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":1579,"end":1598},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":1579,"end":1589},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":1618,"end":1643},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004180"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":2184,"end":2193},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":2198,"end":2217},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001816"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":2292,"end":2303},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016049"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":2297,"end":2303},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":2470,"end":2482},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042311"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":2548,"end":2568},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_1990874"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":3256,"end":3281},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004180"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":3987,"end":4004},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":3987,"end":3996},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":931,"end":950},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":2025,"end":2039},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2801,"end":2822},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2824,"end":2826},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":3095,"end":3117},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":3818,"end":3824},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":4332,"end":4345},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":4597,"end":4609},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A16","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"},{"id":"A17","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"},{"id":"A18","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001658"},{"id":"A19","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001658"},{"id":"A20","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001644"},{"id":"A21","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100806"},{"id":"A22","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001635"},{"id":"A23","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":0,"end":42},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":43,"end":307},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":308,"end":514},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":515,"end":741},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":742,"end":873},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":874,"end":1009},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1148},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":1149,"end":1357},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":1358,"end":1563},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":1564,"end":1797},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":1798,"end":1901},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":1902,"end":2040},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":2041,"end":2392},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":2393,"end":2640},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":2641,"end":2828},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":2829,"end":3163},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":3164,"end":3229},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":3230,"end":3424},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":3425,"end":3568},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":3569,"end":3704},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":3705,"end":3847},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":3848,"end":4078},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":4079,"end":4186},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":4187,"end":4389},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":4390,"end":4654},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":4655,"end":5009},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"ACE2, the RAAS System and Cardioprotection\nAfter the initial discovery of ACE2 in the heart and kidney, it is now clear that it is widely distributed in tissues (section Tissue Distribution of ACE2), where it exerts many physiological effects and may be involved in pathophysiological events (Turner, 2015). The effect of ACE2 which has been more extensively investigated is the regulation of the RAAS system, where ACE2 counter-balances ACE, limiting the potent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II (Ang-II). The first evidence that ACE2 was involved in RAAS control came from the transgenic knockout mouse model (ACE2–/–), which was characterized by severe reduction of cardiac contractility and thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, in this knockout model disruption of the ACE pathway could rescue the myocardial phenotype (Crackower et al., 2002). In another study, a selective ACE2 knockout model showed high blood pressure, worsened by the infusion of Ang-II (Gurley et al., 2006).\nAs a matter of fact, ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II to a heptapeptide, namely Ang1–7 (Turner et al., 2004). ACE2 can also convert angiotensin I (Ang-I) to the non apeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into Ang1–7 by ACE, competing with Ang-I and thus further decreasing Ang-II (Arendse et al., 2019; Figure 3). Ang1–7 has been demonstrated to bind to the MasR receptor, which was initially regarded as an orphan receptor, since the use of a MasR antagonist caused inhibition of Ang1–7 effects (Alenina et al., 2008).\nFIGURE 3 ACE2 signalling pathways: ACE2 displays its carboxypeptidase activity converting Ang-II (ANG II) to ANG1–7 and can also convert angiotensin I (ANG-I) to the nonapeptide Ang1–9, which is in turn converted into ANG1–7 by ACE. ANG1-7 binds the MasR receptor to exert its effects on target organs (primarily heart, vessels, lungs). ACE2 might also act via the bradykinin-DABK/BKB1R axis: the increased activity of the DABK axis triggers a proinflammatory cytokine storm. In the last years the ACE2/Ang1–7/MasR system has been intensively studied: physiological effects on cardiomyocytes include modulation of Ca++ signaling and cytokine production, stimulation of cardiomyocytes progenitors and prevention of uncontrolled cell growth (Grobe et al., 2006; Flores-Muñoz et al., 2012; Souza et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2016). Through the Ang1–7 pathway ACE2 produces endothelial antithrombotic effects, vasodilation, nitric oxide release, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (Loot et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2007a,b; Fraga-Silva et al., 2008). In preclinical studies Ang1–7 displayed antifibrotic effects, protecting from deleterious myocardial hypertrophy and modulating left ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). In animal models, Ang1–7 also showed an antiarrhythmic action (Ferreira et al., 2001; Santos et al., 2004; Grobe et al., 2006; Gomes et al., 2010), while compensatory ACE2 upregulation has been observed in explanted human hearts, in patients affected by ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy (Goulter et al., 2004; Burrell et al., 2005).\nAdditional players contribute to ACE2-mediated cardio-protection. Another substrate of ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity is Angiotensin A (Ang-A), identified in 2008, which has a similar, although less potent, vasopressor effect as AngII (Jankowski et al., 2007). The product of the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ACE2 is the peptide Ala-Ang (1–7) also known as alamandine (Lautner et al., 2013; Figure 3). Alamandine receptor is a Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor, known as MrgD, which is expressed in cardiomyocytes and blood vessels. MrgD knockout animals develop a severe cardiopathy and alamandine showed a cardioprotective effect in a model of sepsis (Santos et al., 2019).\nUnlike ACE, ACE2 is not active on bradykinin, but it can degrade the active bradykinin metabolite des-Arg9 bradykinin (DABK), blocking the signaling pathway of the B1 bradykinin receptor (Vickers et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2018).\nOther substrates of ACE2 include apelin-13/17, neurotensin, dynorphin A (1–13), and ghrelin (Turner, 2015). Interestingly peptides of apelin family have been demonstrated to upregulate ACE2 expression in physiological condition and more actively during heart failure in in vivo experiments (Sato et al., 2013). ACE2 in turn is able to regulate apelin bioavailability, establishing a negative feedback loop, and the crosstalk between RAAS, ACE2 and Apelin system might play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension (Kalea and Batlle, 2010; Chen et al., 2015).\nOn the whole these findings suggest that ACE2 might exert antihypertensive and/or cardioprotective effects by different mechanisms, namely: (i) limiting the availability of ACE substrates, (ii) degrading Ang-II, (iii) activating the Ang1-7/MasR and/or Alamandine/MrgD pathways, (iv) interfering with other substrates, such as DABK and apelins (Figure 3)."}

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