PMC:7547912 / 11991-17513 JSON TXT

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LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":354,"end":362},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1079},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":2004,"end":2007},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":2242,"end":2250},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":3992,"end":4000},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A12","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A13","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A14","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007167"},{"id":"A15","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A16","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"Comparative study of air pollutants\n\nSite 1—ITO, Delhi\nDelhi, India’s capital, is a massive metropolitan state in the northern area of the country and is among one of the most polluted capitals in the globe. Due to overpopulation and other responsible factors for urbanization, the pessimistic anthropogenic impact on the environment is at maximum. But, COVID-19 pandemic confinement facilitates the environment to retain its health which can be observed as a significant reduction in the air pollutant level in Delhi. At site 1—ITO, Delhi, during confinement period, the mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, and SO2 significantly plummeted by 49%, 33%, 29%, 63%, and 24% respectively due to reduction in anthropogenic activities including traffic and manufacturing industries. Besides, due to high temperature and insolation during the confinement period, mean ozone concentration was highly elevated by 109% as shown in Table 1.\nTable 1 Air quality assessment—variations and change (%) of average concentrations for different air pollutants during the pre and COVID-19 pandemic confinement, 2020 among populous sites of four major metropolitan cities in India\nPollutants Pre-lockdown values Lockdown Variation and % change (pre-lockdown and lockdown)\nSite 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4\nAQI 238 151 144 68 134 62 59 64 − 104 (44%) − 89 (59%) − 86 (59%) − 4 (6%)\nPM2.5 238 132 135 56 122 36 36 26 − 116 (49%) − 96 (73%) − 99 (73%) − 30 (54%)\nPM10 150 116 122 60 100 61 45 49 − 50 (33%) − 54 (47%) − 77 (63%) − 10 (17%)\nNO2 44 48 55 9 31 7 11 10 − 13 (29%) − 41 (86%) − 43 (79%) 1 (7%)\nNH3 10 2 8 14 4 1 2 9 − 6 (63%) − 1 (58%) − 6 (74%) − 4 (30%)\nSO2 19 12 11 14 14 5 9 9 − 4 (24%) − 7 (58%) − 2 (15%) − 6 (39%)\nCO 53 28 33 25 84 13 22 35 31 (59%) − 15 (55%) − 11 (32%) 9 (37%)\nO3 35 85 29 36 73 34 51 65 38 (109%) − 51 (60%) 22 (77%) 29 (80%)\nPM2.5 in μg/m3, PM10 in μg/m3, CO in μg/m3, NH3 in μg/m3, NO2 in μg/m3, SO2 in μg/m3, and O3 in μg/m3\nAOI air quality index\n\nSite 2—Worli, Mumbai\nMumbai, the sixth most populous city in the world, is located on India’s west coast and is the capital of Maharashtra. It is the financial, entertainment, and commercial center of India. During COVID-19 pandemic confinement, the second most populated city of India i.e., Mumbai has moved from poor to a satisfactory level of air quality. As initially at site 2, the values of the pollutants which were scattered around 200–300 μg/m3 before confinement fallen to less than 60 μg/m3 during the confinement period (Fig. 4). The mean concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO, significantly reduced with a percentage of 73, 47, 86, 58, 58, 55, and 60 respectively due to shutdown of navigation activities and other industrial sectors with automobile transportation (Table 1). The drastic decline in nitrogen oxide levels over Mumbai is the result of reduced carbon-emission hotspots, industrial and coal combustion-dominated areas. A decrease in the concentration of urban ground-level ozone was recorded by 60% due to high reduction in nitrogen oxide concentration in the atmosphere.\nFig. 4 The concentration of air pollutants (PM2.5 in μg/m3, PM10 in μg/m3, CO in μg/m3, NH3 in μg/m3, NO2 in μg/m3, SO2 in μg/m3, and O3 in μg/m3) during pre-lockdown and lockdown period at 17:00 IST among four different air quality monitoring stations of the CPCB for four major metropolitan cities in India (site 1—ITO, Delhi, site 2—Worli, Mumbai, site 3—Jadavpur, Kolkata, and site 4—Manali Village, Chennai)\n\nSite 3—Jadavpur, Kolkata\nAfter Delhi and Mumbai, Kolkata is the third populous metropolitan area in the nation. Kolkata is the educational, cultural, and commercial center of the eastern part of the country and is the capital of West Bengal. The concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO at site 3 significantly dropped steeply from 242, 205, 85, 10, 9, and 49 μg/m3 as on January 1, 2020 to 20, 28, 9, 1, 7, and 22 μg/m3 during COVID-19 pandemic confinement on May 31, 2020, respectively. Also, the mean concentration levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO significantly reduced by 73%, 63%, 79%, 74%, 15%, and 32% due to decline in fossil fuel consumption, biomass burning, and other anthropogenic activities as observed from Fig. 4, while ozone levels were significantly raised by 77% with total variation of + 22 μg/m3 during confinement period as similar to Delhi due to high winds, intermittent rains and thunderstorms, and high temperature and heatwaves.\n\nSite 4—Manali Village, Chennai\nChennai, the capital of Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is the fourth urban agglomeration in the nation and is the 36th largest urban area by population in the world. It is located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal and is center for the cultural, economical, and educational activities of south India. Similar to all other studied sites, the air quality of site 4—Manali Village, Chennai also confirmed improvement in terms of reduction in pollutant level during the confinement period. The mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NH3, and SO2 were reduced by 54%, 17%, 30%, and 39% respectively as shown in Fig. 4, while due to fuel and coal burning, vehicular emissions, and continuous functioning of power plants in the neighborhood of site 4, there was no significant reduction in NO2 (+ 1 μg/m3), CO (+ 9 μg/m3), and ozone levels (+ 29 μg/m3) (https://www.cag.org.in/blogs/air-quality-chennai-during-lockdown-do-we-have-clues-mitigate-air-pollution)."}

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PubTator

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"55","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1079},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"60","span":{"begin":1918,"end":1922},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"61","span":{"begin":1933,"end":1935},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"62","span":{"begin":1946,"end":1949},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"63","span":{"begin":1960,"end":1963},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"65","span":{"begin":354,"end":362},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"71","span":{"begin":2853,"end":2861},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"72","span":{"begin":2912,"end":2918},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"73","span":{"begin":3040,"end":3045},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"74","span":{"begin":3091,"end":3099},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"75","span":{"begin":2242,"end":2250},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"77","span":{"begin":3992,"end":4000},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A55","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"55","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A61","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"61","obj":"MESH:D002248"},{"id":"A65","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"65","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A71","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"71","obj":"MESH:D009584"},{"id":"A72","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"72","obj":"MESH:D002244"},{"id":"A73","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"73","obj":"MESH:D010126"},{"id":"A74","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"74","obj":"MESH:D009584"},{"id":"A75","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"75","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A77","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"77","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Comparative study of air pollutants\n\nSite 1—ITO, Delhi\nDelhi, India’s capital, is a massive metropolitan state in the northern area of the country and is among one of the most polluted capitals in the globe. Due to overpopulation and other responsible factors for urbanization, the pessimistic anthropogenic impact on the environment is at maximum. But, COVID-19 pandemic confinement facilitates the environment to retain its health which can be observed as a significant reduction in the air pollutant level in Delhi. At site 1—ITO, Delhi, during confinement period, the mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, and SO2 significantly plummeted by 49%, 33%, 29%, 63%, and 24% respectively due to reduction in anthropogenic activities including traffic and manufacturing industries. Besides, due to high temperature and insolation during the confinement period, mean ozone concentration was highly elevated by 109% as shown in Table 1.\nTable 1 Air quality assessment—variations and change (%) of average concentrations for different air pollutants during the pre and COVID-19 pandemic confinement, 2020 among populous sites of four major metropolitan cities in India\nPollutants Pre-lockdown values Lockdown Variation and % change (pre-lockdown and lockdown)\nSite 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4\nAQI 238 151 144 68 134 62 59 64 − 104 (44%) − 89 (59%) − 86 (59%) − 4 (6%)\nPM2.5 238 132 135 56 122 36 36 26 − 116 (49%) − 96 (73%) − 99 (73%) − 30 (54%)\nPM10 150 116 122 60 100 61 45 49 − 50 (33%) − 54 (47%) − 77 (63%) − 10 (17%)\nNO2 44 48 55 9 31 7 11 10 − 13 (29%) − 41 (86%) − 43 (79%) 1 (7%)\nNH3 10 2 8 14 4 1 2 9 − 6 (63%) − 1 (58%) − 6 (74%) − 4 (30%)\nSO2 19 12 11 14 14 5 9 9 − 4 (24%) − 7 (58%) − 2 (15%) − 6 (39%)\nCO 53 28 33 25 84 13 22 35 31 (59%) − 15 (55%) − 11 (32%) 9 (37%)\nO3 35 85 29 36 73 34 51 65 38 (109%) − 51 (60%) 22 (77%) 29 (80%)\nPM2.5 in μg/m3, PM10 in μg/m3, CO in μg/m3, NH3 in μg/m3, NO2 in μg/m3, SO2 in μg/m3, and O3 in μg/m3\nAOI air quality index\n\nSite 2—Worli, Mumbai\nMumbai, the sixth most populous city in the world, is located on India’s west coast and is the capital of Maharashtra. It is the financial, entertainment, and commercial center of India. During COVID-19 pandemic confinement, the second most populated city of India i.e., Mumbai has moved from poor to a satisfactory level of air quality. As initially at site 2, the values of the pollutants which were scattered around 200–300 μg/m3 before confinement fallen to less than 60 μg/m3 during the confinement period (Fig. 4). The mean concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO, significantly reduced with a percentage of 73, 47, 86, 58, 58, 55, and 60 respectively due to shutdown of navigation activities and other industrial sectors with automobile transportation (Table 1). The drastic decline in nitrogen oxide levels over Mumbai is the result of reduced carbon-emission hotspots, industrial and coal combustion-dominated areas. A decrease in the concentration of urban ground-level ozone was recorded by 60% due to high reduction in nitrogen oxide concentration in the atmosphere.\nFig. 4 The concentration of air pollutants (PM2.5 in μg/m3, PM10 in μg/m3, CO in μg/m3, NH3 in μg/m3, NO2 in μg/m3, SO2 in μg/m3, and O3 in μg/m3) during pre-lockdown and lockdown period at 17:00 IST among four different air quality monitoring stations of the CPCB for four major metropolitan cities in India (site 1—ITO, Delhi, site 2—Worli, Mumbai, site 3—Jadavpur, Kolkata, and site 4—Manali Village, Chennai)\n\nSite 3—Jadavpur, Kolkata\nAfter Delhi and Mumbai, Kolkata is the third populous metropolitan area in the nation. Kolkata is the educational, cultural, and commercial center of the eastern part of the country and is the capital of West Bengal. The concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO at site 3 significantly dropped steeply from 242, 205, 85, 10, 9, and 49 μg/m3 as on January 1, 2020 to 20, 28, 9, 1, 7, and 22 μg/m3 during COVID-19 pandemic confinement on May 31, 2020, respectively. Also, the mean concentration levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NH3, SO2, and CO significantly reduced by 73%, 63%, 79%, 74%, 15%, and 32% due to decline in fossil fuel consumption, biomass burning, and other anthropogenic activities as observed from Fig. 4, while ozone levels were significantly raised by 77% with total variation of + 22 μg/m3 during confinement period as similar to Delhi due to high winds, intermittent rains and thunderstorms, and high temperature and heatwaves.\n\nSite 4—Manali Village, Chennai\nChennai, the capital of Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is the fourth urban agglomeration in the nation and is the 36th largest urban area by population in the world. It is located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal and is center for the cultural, economical, and educational activities of south India. Similar to all other studied sites, the air quality of site 4—Manali Village, Chennai also confirmed improvement in terms of reduction in pollutant level during the confinement period. The mean concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NH3, and SO2 were reduced by 54%, 17%, 30%, and 39% respectively as shown in Fig. 4, while due to fuel and coal burning, vehicular emissions, and continuous functioning of power plants in the neighborhood of site 4, there was no significant reduction in NO2 (+ 1 μg/m3), CO (+ 9 μg/m3), and ozone levels (+ 29 μg/m3) (https://www.cag.org.in/blogs/air-quality-chennai-during-lockdown-do-we-have-clues-mitigate-air-pollution)."}

LitCovid-sentences