PMC:7546716 / 1439-2698 JSONTXT

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    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":277,"end":281},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":570,"end":580},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":670,"end":679},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":711,"end":724},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":727,"end":729},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1068,"end":1076},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A26","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A27","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A28","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A29","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264829"},{"id":"A30","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A31","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":277,"end":281},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":65,"end":73},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":85,"end":132},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":85,"end":118},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":134,"end":142},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":277,"end":289},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":306,"end":314},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":353,"end":361},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":381,"end":393},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":412,"end":447},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":418,"end":447},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":453,"end":465},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":504,"end":549},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":570,"end":600},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":602,"end":605},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":698,"end":701},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":828,"end":836},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":872,"end":891},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":924,"end":936},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1008,"end":1016},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1043,"end":1046},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1077,"end":1091},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1108},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1149,"end":1152},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A11","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A12","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A13","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A14","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A15","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005275"},{"id":"A16","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A17","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A18","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A19","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A20","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009971"},{"id":"A21","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001531"},{"id":"A22","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015542"},{"id":"A23","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A24","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A25","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A26","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A27","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005087"},{"id":"A28","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A29","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A30","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A31","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008496"},{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":277,"end":281},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":277,"end":281},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":553,"end":558},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":581,"end":591},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":629,"end":636},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":711,"end":724},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001393"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":754,"end":770},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000000017"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1179,"end":1180},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1215,"end":1216},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":233,"end":242},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":727,"end":729},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":738,"end":749},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":754,"end":764},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":765,"end":770},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A15","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A16","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A17","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A18","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64360"},{"id":"A19","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999"},{"id":"A20","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30212"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PD-HP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":277,"end":289},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":418,"end":438},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":453,"end":465},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1068,"end":1082},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002088"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":381,"end":393},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":570,"end":591},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042116"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":924,"end":936},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":0,"end":175},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":176,"end":607},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":608,"end":1047},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1048,"end":1259},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"65","span":{"begin":711,"end":724},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"66","span":{"begin":754,"end":770},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"67","span":{"begin":772,"end":776},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"68","span":{"begin":778,"end":780},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"69","span":{"begin":734,"end":736},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"70","span":{"begin":85,"end":132},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"71","span":{"begin":134,"end":144},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"72","span":{"begin":316,"end":324},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"73","span":{"begin":65,"end":73},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"74","span":{"begin":277,"end":289},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"75","span":{"begin":306,"end":314},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"76","span":{"begin":333,"end":347},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"77","span":{"begin":353,"end":361},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"78","span":{"begin":381,"end":393},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"79","span":{"begin":412,"end":447},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"80","span":{"begin":453,"end":465},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"81","span":{"begin":504,"end":549},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"82","span":{"begin":570,"end":600},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"83","span":{"begin":828,"end":836},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"84","span":{"begin":872,"end":891},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"85","span":{"begin":924,"end":936},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"86","span":{"begin":1008,"end":1016},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"87","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1108},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A65","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"65","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A66","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"66","obj":"Gene:3458"},{"id":"A67","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"67","obj":"Gene:3458"},{"id":"A68","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"68","obj":"Gene:50512"},{"id":"A69","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"69","obj":"Gene:50512"},{"id":"A70","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"70","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A71","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"71","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A72","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"72","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A73","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"73","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A74","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"74","obj":"MESH:D008171"},{"id":"A75","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"75","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A76","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"76","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A77","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"77","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A78","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"78","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A79","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"79","obj":"MESH:D012128"},{"id":"A80","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"80","obj":"MESH:D001778"},{"id":"A81","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"81","obj":"MESH:D060085"},{"id":"A82","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"82","obj":"MESH:D055501"},{"id":"A83","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"83","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A84","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"84","obj":"MESH:D012140"},{"id":"A85","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"85","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A86","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"86","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A87","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"87","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}

    2_test

    {"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"33073244-30774631-66244503","span":{"begin":794,"end":795},"obj":"30774631"}],"text":"Intensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}