PMC:7537094 / 31400-34901
Annnotations
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T82983","span":{"begin":1173,"end":1177},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T87662","span":{"begin":1285,"end":1289},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A64032","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T82983","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056"},{"id":"A18836","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T87662","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056"}],"text":"Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section. In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages. However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., \u0026 Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH\nThe OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.\nNotable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language. A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4\nThe UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/\nApart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important. Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms. Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity. This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized. In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., \u0026 Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, \u0026 J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019\nWhile the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid."}
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":845,"end":853},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":983,"end":991},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1424},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1600,"end":1608},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A31","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A34","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section. In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages. However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., \u0026 Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH\nThe OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.\nNotable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language. A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4\nThe UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/\nApart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important. Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms. Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity. This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized. In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., \u0026 Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, \u0026 J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019\nWhile the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid."}
LitCovid-PD-CLO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T53410","span":{"begin":537,"end":541},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185"},{"id":"T87252","span":{"begin":559,"end":561},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527"},{"id":"T12310","span":{"begin":612,"end":613},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T487","span":{"begin":638,"end":642},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T57555","span":{"begin":716,"end":718},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509"},{"id":"T57500","span":{"begin":720,"end":724},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008285"},{"id":"T78151","span":{"begin":720,"end":724},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008286"},{"id":"T68544","span":{"begin":882,"end":883},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T78509","span":{"begin":925,"end":928},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T56027","span":{"begin":942,"end":943},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T6539","span":{"begin":1139,"end":1141},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509"},{"id":"T20063","span":{"begin":1388,"end":1391},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T57654","span":{"begin":1400,"end":1401},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T32276","span":{"begin":1748,"end":1750},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507"},{"id":"T481","span":{"begin":1989,"end":1990},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T84017","span":{"begin":2051,"end":2054},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T93144","span":{"begin":2280,"end":2281},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T86904","span":{"begin":2802,"end":2804},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302"},{"id":"T31073","span":{"begin":2897,"end":2898},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T68976","span":{"begin":3254,"end":3259},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688"},{"id":"T7904","span":{"begin":3277,"end":3280},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T75283","span":{"begin":3493,"end":3495},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000"}],"text":"Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section. In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages. However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., \u0026 Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH\nThe OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.\nNotable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language. A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4\nThe UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/\nApart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important. Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms. Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity. This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized. In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., \u0026 Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, \u0026 J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019\nWhile the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid."}
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":706,"end":709},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A13","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16947"}],"text":"Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section. In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages. However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., \u0026 Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH\nThe OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.\nNotable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language. A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4\nThe UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/\nApart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important. Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms. Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity. This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized. In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., \u0026 Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, \u0026 J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019\nWhile the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid."}
LitCovid-PubTator
{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"196","span":{"begin":1633,"end":1641},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"197","span":{"begin":1820,"end":1828},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"198","span":{"begin":1600,"end":1608},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"199","span":{"begin":1787,"end":1795},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"209","span":{"begin":3496,"end":3500},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"214","span":{"begin":1472,"end":1480},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"215","span":{"begin":845,"end":853},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"216","span":{"begin":983,"end":991},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"217","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1424},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A196","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"196","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A197","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"197","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A198","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"198","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A199","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"199","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A214","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"214","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A215","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"215","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A216","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"216","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A217","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"217","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section. In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages. However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., \u0026 Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH\nThe OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.\nNotable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language. A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4\nThe UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/\nApart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important. Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms. Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity. This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized. In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., \u0026 Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, \u0026 J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019\nWhile the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid."}
LitCovid-sentences
{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T239","span":{"begin":0,"end":150},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":151,"end":263},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":264,"end":387},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T242","span":{"begin":388,"end":400},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":401,"end":412},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T244","span":{"begin":413,"end":444},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T245","span":{"begin":445,"end":511},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T246","span":{"begin":512,"end":722},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T247","span":{"begin":723,"end":725},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T248","span":{"begin":726,"end":881},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T249","span":{"begin":882,"end":1143},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T250","span":{"begin":1144,"end":1157},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T251","span":{"begin":1158,"end":1178},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T252","span":{"begin":1179,"end":1209},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T253","span":{"begin":1210,"end":1359},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T254","span":{"begin":1360,"end":1599},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T255","span":{"begin":1600,"end":1681},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T256","span":{"begin":1682,"end":1733},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T257","span":{"begin":1734,"end":1866},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T258","span":{"begin":1867,"end":1978},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T259","span":{"begin":1979,"end":2081},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T260","span":{"begin":2082,"end":2336},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T261","span":{"begin":2337,"end":2501},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T262","span":{"begin":2502,"end":2845},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T263","span":{"begin":2846,"end":2927},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T264","span":{"begin":2928,"end":2933},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T265","span":{"begin":2934,"end":2953},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T266","span":{"begin":2954,"end":3069},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T267","span":{"begin":3070,"end":3079},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T268","span":{"begin":3080,"end":3090},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T269","span":{"begin":3091,"end":3163},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T270","span":{"begin":3164,"end":3501},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Prioritization of the worst off should also apply to the removal of language barriers, the third decision‐making problem addressed in in this section. In the Philippines, Filipino is the national language, and both Filipino and English are the official languages. However, as many as 186 languages are spoken in the country.30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., \u0026 Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH\nThe OECD mentions in the 2018 PISA that: “Some 94% of 15‐year‐old students in the Philippines speak a language other than the test language (i.e. English) at home most of the time.”31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.\nNotable efforts have been made by the University of the Philippines (UP) to translate English medical terms related to COVID‐19 into the Filipino language. A UP professor, Eilene Antoinette Narvaez, has come up with a compendium of Filipino terms regarding COVID‐19, and the university’s Department of Linguistics is connecting community translators with one another across the country.32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4\nThe UP College of Education has written a dictionary of COVID‐19‐related terms in both English and Filipino for children, and this dictionary contains links to videos of the Filipino sign language of the terms.33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/\nApart from the language or dialect that is being used, the level and the manner of discourse is also important. Viewed as a matter of fair allocation, the dissemination of information has to be seen in these terms. Communication that is not carried out at the level of understanding pertinent to its divergent audiences or that is not cognizant of their specific information needs can only serve the interests of a select population and thereby contributes to inequity. This inequity arises especially because these divergent audiences are likely to be among the worst off financially and educationally, and deserve to be prioritized. In this country – as in many others – information infrastructures can be fully developed in affluent areas but not in others; access to interesting and high‐quality information can be expensive; and training and equipment for the effective use of pertinent technology may not be equitably available.”34 Van Den Hoven, J., \u0026 Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, \u0026 J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019\nWhile the capability of new information and communication technology to level the playing field for all citizens has been much heralded, it may also have the reverse effect of exacerbating existing inequalities if access is not widely distributed and benefits are merely integrated into already existing socioeconomic structures.35 Ibid."}