PMC:7519301 / 2503-3844 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7519301","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7519301","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7519301","text":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, is a member of the Coronaviridae family, a diverse group of virus species, seven of which are known to infect humans. Four are considered endemic and typically cause mild upper respiratory illnesses; two of these, NL63 and 229E, are within the alphacoronavirus genus, and two, HKU1 and OC43, are betacoronaviruses. The latter genus comprises the three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV. SARS-CoV is the most closely related human virus to SARS-CoV-2, which is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, with an ∼30,000-base pair genome. The genome is split into 10 open reading frames (ORFs) that include 16 nonstructural proteins and four structural proteins. The latter category includes Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E), and Nucleocapsid (N). S is the basis for most candidate vaccines, as it mediates virus attachment and entry to host cells and is the target of neutralizing antibody responses (1–4). S is cleaved into two subunits, S1 and S2: The former contains the receptor binding domain (RBD), which enables the virus to attach to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on host 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