PMC:7463108 / 47304-49411 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7463108","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7463108","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7463108","text":"Opioid and HIV Interactive Pathology in Microglia\nUnlike in astrocytes, opiate and HIV interactions in microglia tend to be self-limiting (Turchan-Cholewo et al. 2009). Opiates initially trigger large increases in the production of proinflammatory cytokines (Hauser, unpublished), reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species (Turchan-Cholewo et al. 2009), and the release of glutamate (Gupta et al. 2010) and ATP (Sorrell and Hauser 2014) extracellularly in Tat-exposed microglia. The release of glutamate is mediated by the catalytic subunit of the cystine-glutamate antiporter xc− (xCT) (Gupta et al. 2010). Interestingly, following acute increases in the release of cytokines (e.g., TNF-α; unpublished), morphine no longer increases Tat-induced cytokine levels at 24 h; instead, their levels are reduced by opiate-dependent proteasome inhibition. The proteasome inhibitor, MG115, mimics the effects of morphine in decreasing proteasome activity at 24 h and blocks TNFα, IL-6, and CCL2 release from microglia, but does not increase ROS or RNS production (Turchan-Cholewo et al. 2009). The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is typically viewed as contributing to opiate tolerance and physical dependence by modulating MOR downregulation (Massaly et al. 2014; Caputi et al. 2019), rather than MOR activity constraining the UPS. Thus, while HIV-exposed, MOR-expressing microglia show a burst of ROS and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to morphine, the cytokine release collapses within 24 h seemingly because sustained opiate exposure inhibits the UPS thereby preventing degradation of the IκB subunit and nuclear translocation of NF-κB (Turchan-Cholewo et al. 2009).\nWhile neither astroglia nor microglia alone mimic the full inflammatory profile seen with opiates and HIV in the CNS; in combination, the neuroimmune signature more accurately mimics that seen in neuroHIV. Accordingly, we have proposed that opioids promote positive feedback through separate actions in astroglia and microglia in neuroHIV—resulting in spiraling inflammation and cytotoxicity (Hauser et al. 2005, 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