PMC:7456455 / 26887-28156 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T350","span":{"begin":252,"end":260},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T351","span":{"begin":269,"end":280},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T352","span":{"begin":284,"end":291},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T353","span":{"begin":315,"end":324},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T354","span":{"begin":500,"end":504},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T355","span":{"begin":790,"end":798},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T356","span":{"begin":865,"end":874},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T357","span":{"begin":914,"end":922},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T358","span":{"begin":960,"end":968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T359","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1077},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T360","span":{"begin":1112,"end":1120},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T361","span":{"begin":1196,"end":1201},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T362","span":{"begin":1209,"end":1217},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T363","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1255},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A350","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T350","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A351","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T351","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A352","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T352","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"},{"id":"A353","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T353","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A354","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T354","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74402"},{"id":"A355","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T355","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A356","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T356","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A357","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T357","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A358","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T358","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A359","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T359","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"},{"id":"A360","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T360","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A361","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T361","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A362","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T362","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A363","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T363","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1077},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A87","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T87","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":564,"end":572},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":573,"end":582},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":728,"end":736},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":737,"end":746},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":991,"end":1000},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A181","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T181","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A182","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T182","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A183","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T183","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A184","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T184","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A185","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T185","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T386","span":{"begin":45,"end":55},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T387","span":{"begin":206,"end":207},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T388","span":{"begin":238,"end":248},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T389","span":{"begin":252,"end":260},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T390","span":{"begin":315,"end":324},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T391","span":{"begin":335,"end":345},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T392","span":{"begin":477,"end":479},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007448"},{"id":"T393","span":{"begin":477,"end":479},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050175"},{"id":"T394","span":{"begin":488,"end":498},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T395","span":{"begin":500,"end":504},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002"},{"id":"T396","span":{"begin":620,"end":621},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T397","span":{"begin":631,"end":641},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T398","span":{"begin":687,"end":694},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T399","span":{"begin":774,"end":775},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T400","span":{"begin":790,"end":798},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T401","span":{"begin":799,"end":809},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T402","span":{"begin":865,"end":874},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T403","span":{"begin":914,"end":922},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T404","span":{"begin":923,"end":928},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T405","span":{"begin":969,"end":974},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T406","span":{"begin":1112,"end":1120},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T407","span":{"begin":1121,"end":1131},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T408","span":{"begin":1145,"end":1151},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T409","span":{"begin":1196,"end":1201},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":477,"end":479},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":480,"end":482},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1086},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":1209,"end":1217},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":1219,"end":1235},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A146","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T146","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51079"},{"id":"A147","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T146","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_139019"},{"id":"A148","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T146","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140152"},{"id":"A149","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T146","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_34826"},{"id":"A150","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T150","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_34827"},{"id":"A151","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T150","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51112"},{"id":"A152","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T152","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35224"},{"id":"A153","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T153","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A154","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T154","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":315,"end":345},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042117"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":393,"end":397},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005011"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":433,"end":439},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":500,"end":515},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0010467"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":790,"end":809},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042117"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":878,"end":890},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":1112,"end":1131},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042117"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":0,"end":120},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":121,"end":300},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":301,"end":667},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":668,"end":816},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":817,"end":913},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":914,"end":1097},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":1098,"end":1269},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

    {"project":"LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB","denotations":[{"id":"T710","span":{"begin":163,"end":171},"obj":"GO:0045087"},{"id":"T711","span":{"begin":172,"end":178},"obj":"GO:0045087;UBERON:0002405"},{"id":"T712","span":{"begin":252,"end":260},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T713","span":{"begin":269,"end":280},"obj":"CL:0000235"},{"id":"T714","span":{"begin":284,"end":291},"obj":"UBERON:0000479"},{"id":"T715","span":{"begin":315,"end":324},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T716","span":{"begin":393,"end":397},"obj":"PR:000005930"},{"id":"T717","span":{"begin":400,"end":404},"obj":"PR:000005931"},{"id":"T718","span":{"begin":410,"end":414},"obj":"PR:000005932"},{"id":"T719","span":{"begin":500,"end":504},"obj":"SO:0000704;GO:0010467"},{"id":"T720","span":{"begin":505,"end":515},"obj":"GO:0010467"},{"id":"T721","span":{"begin":564,"end":572},"obj":"SP_7"},{"id":"T722","span":{"begin":728,"end":736},"obj":"SP_7"},{"id":"T723","span":{"begin":790,"end":798},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T724","span":{"begin":865,"end":874},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T725","span":{"begin":914,"end":922},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T726","span":{"begin":950,"end":955},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T727","span":{"begin":960,"end":968},"obj":"GO:0042571"},{"id":"T728","span":{"begin":1052,"end":1066},"obj":"GO:0030097"},{"id":"T729","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1077},"obj":"UBERON:0000479"},{"id":"T730","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1086},"obj":"CHEBI:35224;CHEBI:35224"},{"id":"T731","span":{"begin":1112,"end":1120},"obj":"CL:0000576;GO:0042117"},{"id":"T732","span":{"begin":1121,"end":1131},"obj":"GO:0042117"},{"id":"T733","span":{"begin":1189,"end":1195},"obj":"UBERON:0002405;CL:0000738"},{"id":"T734","span":{"begin":1196,"end":1201},"obj":"CL:0000738"},{"id":"T735","span":{"begin":1203,"end":1208},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T736","span":{"begin":1219,"end":1235},"obj":"CHEBI:67079;CHEBI:67079"},{"id":"T737","span":{"begin":1245,"end":1255},"obj":"CL:0000235"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":1052,"end":1066},"obj":"GO:0030097"},{"id":"T44099","span":{"begin":17,"end":21},"obj":"PR:000005930"},{"id":"T14950","span":{"begin":24,"end":28},"obj":"PR:000005931"},{"id":"T92219","span":{"begin":34,"end":38},"obj":"PR:000005932"},{"id":"T79334","span":{"begin":124,"end":128},"obj":"SO:0000704;GO:0010467"},{"id":"T79721","span":{"begin":129,"end":139},"obj":"GO:0010467"},{"id":"T60271","span":{"begin":189,"end":197},"obj":"SP_7"},{"id":"T41374","span":{"begin":353,"end":361},"obj":"SP_7"},{"id":"T56149","span":{"begin":415,"end":423},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T30588","span":{"begin":490,"end":499},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T23587","span":{"begin":539,"end":547},"obj":"CL:0000576"},{"id":"T56472","span":{"begin":575,"end":580},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T41778","span":{"begin":585,"end":593},"obj":"GO:0042571"},{"id":"T1076","span":{"begin":678,"end":692},"obj":"GO:0030097"},{"id":"T33032","span":{"begin":697,"end":703},"obj":"UBERON:0000479"},{"id":"T64351","span":{"begin":704,"end":712},"obj":"CHEBI:35224;CHEBI:35224"},{"id":"T29973","span":{"begin":738,"end":746},"obj":"CL:0000576;GO:0042117"},{"id":"T56526","span":{"begin":747,"end":757},"obj":"GO:0042117"},{"id":"T67771","span":{"begin":815,"end":820},"obj":"UBERON:0002405;CL:0000738"},{"id":"T98374","span":{"begin":821,"end":826},"obj":"CL:0000738"},{"id":"T64816","span":{"begin":828,"end":833},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T12719","span":{"begin":844,"end":860},"obj":"CHEBI:67079;CHEBI:67079"},{"id":"T26219","span":{"begin":870,"end":880},"obj":"CL:0000235"},{"id":"T73107","span":{"begin":946,"end":951},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T82998","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1088},"obj":"CL:0000542"},{"id":"T13763","span":{"begin":1116,"end":1126},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11632"},{"id":"T90599","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1169},"obj":"GO:0042571"},{"id":"T39412","span":{"begin":1202,"end":1212},"obj":"NCBITaxon:31032"},{"id":"T4838","span":{"begin":1260,"end":1268},"obj":"SP_7"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}

    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"648","span":{"begin":393,"end":397},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"649","span":{"begin":400,"end":404},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"650","span":{"begin":410,"end":414},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"651","span":{"begin":564,"end":572},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"652","span":{"begin":573,"end":582},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"653","span":{"begin":728,"end":736},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"654","span":{"begin":737,"end":746},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"655","span":{"begin":991,"end":1000},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A648","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"648","obj":"Gene:1435"},{"id":"A649","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"649","obj":"Gene:1437"},{"id":"A650","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"650","obj":"Gene:1440"},{"id":"A651","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"651","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A652","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"652","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A653","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"653","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A654","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"654","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A655","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"655","obj":"MESH:D007239"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"The balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory activation determines the protective versus deleterious impact on the host. In vivo priming, combined with innate and adaptive immune triggers in vitro, provide a surrogate assay for potential activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in tissues, Fig. 1. The number of monocytes and their activation status can be assayed by combining analysis of CSF1-, CSF2- and CSF3- receptors during growth and differentiation, with markers of M1/M2-like activation; gene expression biomarkers are available at different stages of COVID-19 infection for each pathway, and in response to a range of activating and deactivating stimuli. Fig. 2 illustrates testing points in the natural history of COVID-19 infection and lists requirements for a comprehensive monocyte activation assay. This provides insights into the contribution of monocytes to pathogenesis, and guides treatment. Monocyte tests can be combined with viral and antibody tests at any stage of infection, providing access to an intermediate stage between haematopoiesis and tissue effector functions. Regulators of monocyte activation which can be tested in vitro include innate and adaptive immune cells, viral proteins, antiviral agents and anti-macrophage therapeutics."}