PMC:7454258 / 74252-76305 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7454258","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7454258","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7454258","text":"USDA investments in research and statistics, including nutrition, have fallen below 1980s levels in constant dollars (Figure 3) (12, 146). Indeed, as a percentage of GDP, public investment in agrifood (agriculture and food combined) research and development (4.2%) and particularly food research and development (1%) was lower in 2018 than pharmaceutical research and development (4.9%) (147). The US fell behind China in public agricultural research in 2009, and now only invests half the amount as China (148). US public sector funding for agricultural research and development is also lower than India, Western Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region including Canada, using constant 2011 purchasing-power parity (148). Yet, growth in productivity in the farm sector has come almost exclusively from science-based innovations (146). Declines in US public funding for food and agriculture research and development “risks national competitiveness, long-term cutting-edge scientific discovery, and the next generation talent pipeline” (147). Specific to nutrition, as one example, the ARS budget for human nutrition research and monitoring, including funding for 6 important extramural and intramural Human Nutrition Centers nationally, has been flat since 1980 in constant dollars (Figure 5) (132). In addition, 2 USDA research and statistical agencies that include nutrition research—ERS and NIFA—were relocated to Kansas City, Missouri, at the start of fiscal year 2020 and lost 50% (ERS) and 71% (NIFA) of their workforce (149). A recent Congressional Research Service analysis reported the leadership positions at NIFA and ERS have been staffed primarily by acting officials since the relocation and indicated that Congress may be interested in how NIFA and ERS are meeting their responsibilities with reduced workforces and as new staff are potentially hired (150). These trends demonstrate declining investments in science to advance US food and agriculture to increase health, sustain our natural resources, and stimulate rural economic 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