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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":402,"end":405},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":1514,"end":1519},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":1727,"end":1745},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A101","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T101","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0018229"},{"id":"A102","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T102","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178"},{"id":"A103","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T103","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002012"}],"text":"Intriguingly, inhalation exposure to ZnCl2/ZnO/hexachloroethane (the main ingredients in smoke bombs) induces both elevated plasma levels of zinc and ARDS with clinical pictures that strongly resemble those of COVID-19 [100,101,102]. Since both ACE2 and ACE enzymes are activated by high concentrations of chloride and zinc ions [79,90], it is possible to hypothesise an activation of both arms of the RAS in ARDS induced by smoke bombs as well as in COVID-19 patients. In addition, metal fume fever, a flu-like syndrome caused by inhalation of welding fumes (mainly containing zinc) can be a predictor for the development of respiratory symptoms and welders have an increased pneumonia and cardiovascular risk [103,104]. In this regard, metal fume fever has been shown to produce fever, fatigue, muscle ache, cough, dyspnea, and an increase of several cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α [103], symptoms and cytokines that have already been described for COVID-19 patients [2,8,9]. Notably, TNF-α was upregulated early while IL-6 and IL-8 increased later, suggesting a subsequent involvement of these latter cytokines in response to inhalation of welding fumes [103]. Moreover, elevated levels of zinc have been shown not only to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes, but also inhibit T cell functions (see [102]). Zinc supplementation that has also been proposed for COVID-19 treatment [105,106,107], is able to suppress allogeneic immune response (see [102]) and incubation of blood cells with welding fume particles resulted in a considerable increase not only of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) but also the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 [104]. Similarly, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as well as SARS-CoV, both arms of the inflammatory system (namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) have been shown to be upregulated [108,109,110], suggesting a common systemic pathway of activation in welding syndrome, ARDS, PAH and SARS-CoV infections. Finally, the correlations between zinc exposure (metal fume) and cytokine storm [103,104] suggests a possible link between free zinc increase and these type of diseases. More information on systemic zinc homeostasis and multiorgan effects of elevated levels of extracellular free zinc (such as in subjects inhaling ZnCl2 smoke) is available in Box 4."}

LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":1270,"end":1288},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001816"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":1279,"end":1288},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":1468,"end":1483},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":2241,"end":2257},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0055069"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":2241,"end":2257},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006882"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":2246,"end":2257},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042592"}],"text":"Intriguingly, inhalation exposure to ZnCl2/ZnO/hexachloroethane (the main ingredients in smoke bombs) induces both elevated plasma levels of zinc and ARDS with clinical pictures that strongly resemble those of COVID-19 [100,101,102]. Since both ACE2 and ACE enzymes are activated by high concentrations of chloride and zinc ions [79,90], it is possible to hypothesise an activation of both arms of the RAS in ARDS induced by smoke bombs as well as in COVID-19 patients. In addition, metal fume fever, a flu-like syndrome caused by inhalation of welding fumes (mainly containing zinc) can be a predictor for the development of respiratory symptoms and welders have an increased pneumonia and cardiovascular risk [103,104]. In this regard, metal fume fever has been shown to produce fever, fatigue, muscle ache, cough, dyspnea, and an increase of several cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α [103], symptoms and cytokines that have already been described for COVID-19 patients [2,8,9]. Notably, TNF-α was upregulated early while IL-6 and IL-8 increased later, suggesting a subsequent involvement of these latter cytokines in response to inhalation of welding fumes [103]. Moreover, elevated levels of zinc have been shown not only to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes, but also inhibit T cell functions (see [102]). Zinc supplementation that has also been proposed for COVID-19 treatment [105,106,107], is able to suppress allogeneic immune response (see [102]) and incubation of blood cells with welding fume particles resulted in a considerable increase not only of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) but also the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 [104]. Similarly, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as well as SARS-CoV, both arms of the inflammatory system (namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) have been shown to be upregulated [108,109,110], suggesting a common systemic pathway of activation in welding syndrome, ARDS, PAH and SARS-CoV infections. Finally, the correlations between zinc exposure (metal fume) and cytokine storm [103,104] suggests a possible link between free zinc increase and these type of diseases. More information on systemic zinc homeostasis and multiorgan effects of elevated levels of extracellular free zinc (such as in subjects inhaling ZnCl2 smoke) is available in Box 4."}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T211","span":{"begin":0,"end":233},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T212","span":{"begin":234,"end":469},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T213","span":{"begin":470,"end":721},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T214","span":{"begin":722,"end":994},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T215","span":{"begin":995,"end":1180},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T216","span":{"begin":1181,"end":1349},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T217","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1712},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T218","span":{"begin":1713,"end":2041},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T219","span":{"begin":2042,"end":2211},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T220","span":{"begin":2212,"end":2392},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Intriguingly, inhalation exposure to ZnCl2/ZnO/hexachloroethane (the main ingredients in smoke bombs) induces both elevated plasma levels of zinc and ARDS with clinical pictures that strongly resemble those of COVID-19 [100,101,102]. Since both ACE2 and ACE enzymes are activated by high concentrations of chloride and zinc ions [79,90], it is possible to hypothesise an activation of both arms of the RAS in ARDS induced by smoke bombs as well as in COVID-19 patients. In addition, metal fume fever, a flu-like syndrome caused by inhalation of welding fumes (mainly containing zinc) can be a predictor for the development of respiratory symptoms and welders have an increased pneumonia and cardiovascular risk [103,104]. In this regard, metal fume fever has been shown to produce fever, fatigue, muscle ache, cough, dyspnea, and an increase of several cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α [103], symptoms and cytokines that have already been described for COVID-19 patients [2,8,9]. Notably, TNF-α was upregulated early while IL-6 and IL-8 increased later, suggesting a subsequent involvement of these latter cytokines in response to inhalation of welding fumes [103]. Moreover, elevated levels of zinc have been shown not only to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes, but also inhibit T cell functions (see [102]). Zinc supplementation that has also been proposed for COVID-19 treatment [105,106,107], is able to suppress allogeneic immune response (see [102]) and incubation of blood cells with welding fume particles resulted in a considerable increase not only of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) but also the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 [104]. Similarly, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as well as SARS-CoV, both arms of the inflammatory system (namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) have been shown to be upregulated [108,109,110], suggesting a common systemic pathway of activation in welding syndrome, ARDS, PAH and SARS-CoV infections. Finally, the correlations between zinc exposure (metal fume) and cytokine storm [103,104] suggests a possible link between free zinc increase and these type of diseases. More information on systemic zinc homeostasis and multiorgan effects of elevated levels of extracellular free zinc (such as in subjects inhaling ZnCl2 smoke) is available in Box 4."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":494,"end":499},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":677,"end":686},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":749,"end":754},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":781,"end":786},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":788,"end":795},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":797,"end":808},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":810,"end":815},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":817,"end":824},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":1727,"end":1758},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":2107,"end":2121},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A71","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T71","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A72","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T72","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"id":"A73","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T73","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A74","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T74","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A75","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T75","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378"},{"id":"A76","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T76","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003326"},{"id":"A77","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735"},{"id":"A78","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T78","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002094"},{"id":"A79","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T79","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002092"},{"id":"A80","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T80","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"}],"text":"Intriguingly, inhalation exposure to ZnCl2/ZnO/hexachloroethane (the main ingredients in smoke bombs) induces both elevated plasma levels of zinc and ARDS with clinical pictures that strongly resemble those of COVID-19 [100,101,102]. Since both ACE2 and ACE enzymes are activated by high concentrations of chloride and zinc ions [79,90], it is possible to hypothesise an activation of both arms of the RAS in ARDS induced by smoke bombs as well as in COVID-19 patients. In addition, metal fume fever, a flu-like syndrome caused by inhalation of welding fumes (mainly containing zinc) can be a predictor for the development of respiratory symptoms and welders have an increased pneumonia and cardiovascular risk [103,104]. In this regard, metal fume fever has been shown to produce fever, fatigue, muscle ache, cough, dyspnea, and an increase of several cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α [103], symptoms and cytokines that have already been described for COVID-19 patients [2,8,9]. Notably, TNF-α was upregulated early while IL-6 and IL-8 increased later, suggesting a subsequent involvement of these latter cytokines in response to inhalation of welding fumes [103]. Moreover, elevated levels of zinc have been shown not only to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes, but also inhibit T cell functions (see [102]). Zinc supplementation that has also been proposed for COVID-19 treatment [105,106,107], is able to suppress allogeneic immune response (see [102]) and incubation of blood cells with welding fume particles resulted in a considerable increase not only of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) but also the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 [104]. Similarly, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as well as SARS-CoV, both arms of the inflammatory system (namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) have been shown to be upregulated [108,109,110], suggesting a common systemic pathway of activation in welding syndrome, ARDS, PAH and SARS-CoV infections. Finally, the correlations between zinc exposure (metal fume) and cytokine storm [103,104] suggests a possible link between free zinc increase and these type of diseases. More information on systemic zinc homeostasis and multiorgan effects of elevated levels of extracellular free zinc (such as in subjects inhaling ZnCl2 smoke) is available in Box 4."}

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32708755-28953660-20678799","span":{"begin":220,"end":223},"obj":"28953660"},{"id":"32708755-20617034-20678800","span":{"begin":228,"end":231},"obj":"20617034"},{"id":"32708755-32276440-20678801","span":{"begin":712,"end":715},"obj":"32276440"},{"id":"32708755-30718726-20678802","span":{"begin":716,"end":719},"obj":"30718726"},{"id":"32708755-32276440-20678803","span":{"begin":902,"end":905},"obj":"32276440"},{"id":"32708755-32161940-20678804","span":{"begin":987,"end":988},"obj":"32161940"},{"id":"32708755-31986264-20678805","span":{"begin":989,"end":990},"obj":"31986264"},{"id":"32708755-32297671-20678806","span":{"begin":991,"end":992},"obj":"32297671"},{"id":"32708755-32276440-20678807","span":{"begin":1175,"end":1178},"obj":"32276440"},{"id":"32708755-20617034-20678808","span":{"begin":1343,"end":1346},"obj":"20617034"},{"id":"32708755-32408070-20678809","span":{"begin":1431,"end":1434},"obj":"32408070"},{"id":"32708755-20617034-20678810","span":{"begin":1490,"end":1493},"obj":"20617034"},{"id":"32708755-30718726-20678811","span":{"begin":1707,"end":1710},"obj":"30718726"},{"id":"32708755-29903860-20678812","span":{"begin":1921,"end":1924},"obj":"29903860"},{"id":"32708755-20713898-20678813","span":{"begin":1925,"end":1928},"obj":"20713898"},{"id":"32708755-18832706-20678814","span":{"begin":1929,"end":1932},"obj":"18832706"},{"id":"32708755-32276440-20678815","span":{"begin":2123,"end":2126},"obj":"32276440"},{"id":"32708755-30718726-20678816","span":{"begin":2127,"end":2130},"obj":"30718726"}],"text":"Intriguingly, inhalation exposure to ZnCl2/ZnO/hexachloroethane (the main ingredients in smoke bombs) induces both elevated plasma levels of zinc and ARDS with clinical pictures that strongly resemble those of COVID-19 [100,101,102]. Since both ACE2 and ACE enzymes are activated by high concentrations of chloride and zinc ions [79,90], it is possible to hypothesise an activation of both arms of the RAS in ARDS induced by smoke bombs as well as in COVID-19 patients. In addition, metal fume fever, a flu-like syndrome caused by inhalation of welding fumes (mainly containing zinc) can be a predictor for the development of respiratory symptoms and welders have an increased pneumonia and cardiovascular risk [103,104]. In this regard, metal fume fever has been shown to produce fever, fatigue, muscle ache, cough, dyspnea, and an increase of several cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α [103], symptoms and cytokines that have already been described for COVID-19 patients [2,8,9]. Notably, TNF-α was upregulated early while IL-6 and IL-8 increased later, suggesting a subsequent involvement of these latter cytokines in response to inhalation of welding fumes [103]. Moreover, elevated levels of zinc have been shown not only to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes, but also inhibit T cell functions (see [102]). Zinc supplementation that has also been proposed for COVID-19 treatment [105,106,107], is able to suppress allogeneic immune response (see [102]) and incubation of blood cells with welding fume particles resulted in a considerable increase not only of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) but also the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 [104]. Similarly, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as well as SARS-CoV, both arms of the inflammatory system (namely IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) have been shown to be upregulated [108,109,110], suggesting a common systemic pathway of activation in welding syndrome, ARDS, PAH and SARS-CoV infections. Finally, the correlations between zinc exposure (metal fume) and cytokine storm [103,104] suggests a possible link between free zinc increase and these type of diseases. More information on systemic zinc homeostasis and multiorgan effects of elevated levels of extracellular free zinc (such as in subjects inhaling ZnCl2 smoke) is available in Box 4."}

PMC:7408073 / 43825-46217 JSONTXT

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PMC:7408073 / 43825-46217 JSON TXT