PMC:7381711 / 19931-21053 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":53,"end":60},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":104,"end":113},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":423,"end":439},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":434,"end":439},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":492,"end":504},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":492,"end":496},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":505,"end":520},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":528,"end":535},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":569,"end":576},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":650,"end":657},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":856,"end":863},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":867,"end":869},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":871,"end":886},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":888,"end":890},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":892,"end":903},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":951,"end":957},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":972,"end":978},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T191","span":{"begin":1038,"end":1044},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A174","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T174","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82839"},{"id":"A175","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T175","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82839"},{"id":"A176","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T176","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768"},{"id":"A177","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T177","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A178","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T178","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A179","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T179","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A180","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T180","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63023"},{"id":"A181","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T181","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82839"},{"id":"A182","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T182","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82839"},{"id":"A183","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T183","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82839"},{"id":"A184","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T184","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A185","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T185","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63023"},{"id":"A186","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T186","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63023"},{"id":"A187","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T187","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A188","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T188","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A189","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T189","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"},{"id":"A190","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"},{"id":"A191","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T191","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":951,"end":957},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":972,"end":978},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1038,"end":1044},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A21","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A22","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A23","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

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Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":64,"end":88},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":90,"end":98},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":260,"end":272},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":300,"end":310},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":330,"end":377},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":379,"end":387},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":379,"end":383},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":721,"end":729},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1015},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":1068,"end":1071},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A166","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T166","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A167","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T167","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A168","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T168","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001531"},{"id":"A169","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T169","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A170","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T170","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A171","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T171","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A172","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T172","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A173","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T173","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A174","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T174","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005070"},{"id":"A175","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T175","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004041"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":423,"end":433},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000066"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":434,"end":439},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":492,"end":496},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":658,"end":661},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":846,"end":855},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":912,"end":923},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000012867"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":924,"end":933},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":1033,"end":1036},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053275"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":1033,"end":1036},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053276"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":1033,"end":1036},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053277"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":1045,"end":1056},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000012867"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":1057,"end":1066},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":1083,"end":1094},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000012867"},{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":1095,"end":1104},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T221","span":{"begin":53,"end":60},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T222","span":{"begin":137,"end":150},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T223","span":{"begin":505,"end":520},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T224","span":{"begin":505,"end":512},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":513,"end":520},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T226","span":{"begin":528,"end":535},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T227","span":{"begin":569,"end":576},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T228","span":{"begin":582,"end":587},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T229","span":{"begin":650,"end":657},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T230","span":{"begin":808,"end":819},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T231","span":{"begin":841,"end":844},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":856,"end":863},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T233","span":{"begin":867,"end":869},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T235","span":{"begin":871,"end":886},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T236","span":{"begin":871,"end":878},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T237","span":{"begin":879,"end":886},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T238","span":{"begin":888,"end":890},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":934,"end":943},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":947,"end":949},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T242","span":{"begin":986,"end":1003},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":994,"end":1003},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A221","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T221","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28304"},{"id":"A222","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T222","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50249"},{"id":"A223","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T223","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28815"},{"id":"A224","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T224","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24500"},{"id":"A225","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T225","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189"},{"id":"A226","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T226","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28304"},{"id":"A227","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T227","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28304"},{"id":"A228","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T228","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A229","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T229","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28304"},{"id":"A230","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T230","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433"},{"id":"A231","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T231","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_80551"},{"id":"A232","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T232","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A233","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T233","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74056"},{"id":"A234","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T233","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28815"},{"id":"A235","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T235","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28815"},{"id":"A236","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T236","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24500"},{"id":"A237","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T237","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189"},{"id":"A238","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T238","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A239","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T238","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A240","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T240","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222"},{"id":"A241","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T241","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74862"},{"id":"A242","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T242","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_76932"},{"id":"A243","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T243","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":912,"end":933},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031639"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":1016,"end":1024},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070265"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":1016,"end":1024},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":1016,"end":1024},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008219"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":1016,"end":1024},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001906"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":1045,"end":1066},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031639"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":1083,"end":1104},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031639"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":0,"end":7},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":9,"end":100},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":101,"end":326},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":327,"end":640},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":641,"end":730},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":731,"end":801},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":802,"end":1122},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope","denotations":[{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":505,"end":520},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":867,"end":869},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":871,"end":886},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A16","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0086"},{"id":"A17","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0086"},{"id":"A18","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0086"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":260,"end":272},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1015},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A45","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T45","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256"},{"id":"A46","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T46","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664"}],"text":"Fig. 3. Summary of potential therapeutic effects of heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 1) Heparin’s classic function as an anticoagulant, through its interaction with antithrombin-III (AT3), may prove beneficial because of the high prevalence of coagulopathy and clinically significant thrombosis in the disease. 2) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into both endothelial and epithelial cells is believed to be dependent on its interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate; thus, heparin (or carefully designed synthetic heparin-like drugs) may inhibit this interaction and block viral entry. 3) Last, heparin has known anti-inflammatory effects that may confer benefit in COVID-19. This illustration was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com/). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; APC, activated protein C; HS, heparan sulfate; IL, interleukin; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator, VII, factor VII."}