PMC:7299399 / 34714-35773 JSONTXT

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Photodynamic therapy is primarily used for the clinical treatment of various oncological disorders.105 It was not until the 1970s that PDT was first used clinically against viruses,106 exploiting ROS production to damage virus proteins, nucleic acids, and—if present—lipids.107 Even though there are research efforts for PDT-based virotherapies against different viruses, including herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and human immunodeficiency virus,106−109 clinical use of PDT is limited due to hydrophobicity of PSs, poor target specificity, and limited tissue penetration 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