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LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":980,"end":989},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1042,"end":1048},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1143,"end":1149},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1953,"end":1968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1959,"end":1968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1970,"end":1975},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A24","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000160"},{"id":"A25","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A26","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"},{"id":"A27","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002108"},{"id":"A28","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000160"},{"id":"A29","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001155"}],"text":"Lactoferrin and Its Membrane Receptors\nLF is thought to exert its main biological activities following interaction with receptors on target cells. There are in fact many LF receptors, though sometimes one is referred to as “the” lactoferrin receptor. They have been detected in multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cells and lymphocytes (60, 61). Receptors that bind LF include CD14 (62), LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1/CD91) (63–65) intelectin-1 (omentin-1) (66), Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR4) (67) and cytokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) (68) (see Table 2). Importantly, LF also binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are cell-surface and extracellular matrix macromolecules that are composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (86, 87, 98, 99). See Table 2. Different receptors express at vastly different levels in different tissues; thus intelectin-1 is really expressed only in the intestine (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000179914-ITLN1/tissue), while LRP1 is far more widely distributed https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123384-LRP1/tissue. These multiple receptors arguably underpin the substantial and widespread effects that LF can induce, since only when multiple targets are hit simultaneously can one normally have major effects (103, 104).\nTable 2 Receptors for lactoferrin, cells where these receptors are present, and other molecules and/or components that might bind to these receptors.\nReceptor for lactoferrin Cell types where receptor are present Selected references\nLactoferrin receptor/LRP-1/CD91/apoE receptor or the chyclomicron remnant receptor Multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cell lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neurons, hepatocytes, endothelial cells (62) (60, 69–71)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Visceral (omental and epicardial) fat, mesothelial cells, vascular cells, airway goblet cells, small intestine, colon, ovary, and plasma (66, 72)\nTLR2 and TLR4 Endothelial cells, platelets, neutrophils (73–80)\nCXCR4 Platelets, endothelial cells, neutrophils, T-cells (78, 81–83)\nCD14 Macrophages, neutrophils (62, 84, 85)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes (86, 87)\nInterleukin 1 Various cells\nSelected molecules and entities that bind to these receptors, other than lactoferrin\nReceptor Molecule or cellular entity References\nLactoferrin receptor Bacteria (30)\nLRP-1 Amyloid beta (Aβ) (69, 88–90)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Microbial sugars, including β-D-galactofuranose (β-Galf), D-glycerol 1-phosphate, d-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KO), and 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) (91)\nTLR4 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) Herpex simplex (78, 92–94)\nCXCR4 Viruses (including HIV) (78, 95, 96)\nCD14 LPS, H7N9 Influenza virus (92, 97)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) Various viruses, including HIV and SARS-CoV (86, 87, 98–102) The entry of bacteria, bacterial products or viruses into host cells may also occur via some of these receptors. Such binding evokes signaling systems and pathways involving, amongst others, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (105), NF-κB (106), activator protein 1 (AP-1) (107), and various interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) [for a comprehensive review see (108)]. During infection, activation of these signaling pathways results in a cellular response that shares multiple cytoplasmic components, leading ultimately to the activation of a complex biomolecular network. Phosphorylation of relevant substrates (e.g., enzymes, microtubules, histones, and transcription factors) plays a crucial role in determining the host's cellular response (109). Viruses (110, 111), as well as bacteria (112), interact with and bind to HSPGs, using this proteoglycan as entry into the cell (see also Figure 1). LF acts as an important element in host defense mechanisms by binding to these receptors, but also binding to HSPG on cells, since these are locations where binding to bacteria and their cell wall products as well as viruses occur. The membrane-penetrating peptide HIV-tat, released from HIV-infected cells, also enters surrounding cells using HSPGs (86, 98). This binding capacity allows LF to compete with such molecules for receptor occupancy (113, 114), and therefore plays a vital role in host immunity (20). LF can also serve to prevent nephrotoxicity, e.g., of cisplatin (115)."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":2509,"end":2516},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":2875,"end":2884},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":2975,"end":2983},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":3383,"end":3392},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A21","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019065"},{"id":"A22","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A23","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A24","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"}],"text":"Lactoferrin and Its Membrane Receptors\nLF is thought to exert its main biological activities following interaction with receptors on target cells. There are in fact many LF receptors, though sometimes one is referred to as “the” lactoferrin receptor. They have been detected in multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cells and lymphocytes (60, 61). Receptors that bind LF include CD14 (62), LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1/CD91) (63–65) intelectin-1 (omentin-1) (66), Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR4) (67) and cytokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) (68) (see Table 2). Importantly, LF also binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are cell-surface and extracellular matrix macromolecules that are composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (86, 87, 98, 99). See Table 2. Different receptors express at vastly different levels in different tissues; thus intelectin-1 is really expressed only in the intestine (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000179914-ITLN1/tissue), while LRP1 is far more widely distributed https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123384-LRP1/tissue. These multiple receptors arguably underpin the substantial and widespread effects that LF can induce, since only when multiple targets are hit simultaneously can one normally have major effects (103, 104).\nTable 2 Receptors for lactoferrin, cells where these receptors are present, and other molecules and/or components that might bind to these receptors.\nReceptor for lactoferrin Cell types where receptor are present Selected references\nLactoferrin receptor/LRP-1/CD91/apoE receptor or the chyclomicron remnant receptor Multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cell lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neurons, hepatocytes, endothelial cells (62) (60, 69–71)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Visceral (omental and epicardial) fat, mesothelial cells, vascular cells, airway goblet cells, small intestine, colon, ovary, and plasma (66, 72)\nTLR2 and TLR4 Endothelial cells, platelets, neutrophils (73–80)\nCXCR4 Platelets, endothelial cells, neutrophils, T-cells (78, 81–83)\nCD14 Macrophages, neutrophils (62, 84, 85)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes (86, 87)\nInterleukin 1 Various cells\nSelected molecules and entities that bind to these receptors, other than lactoferrin\nReceptor Molecule or cellular entity References\nLactoferrin receptor Bacteria (30)\nLRP-1 Amyloid beta (Aβ) (69, 88–90)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Microbial sugars, including β-D-galactofuranose (β-Galf), D-glycerol 1-phosphate, d-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KO), and 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) (91)\nTLR4 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) Herpex simplex (78, 92–94)\nCXCR4 Viruses (including HIV) (78, 95, 96)\nCD14 LPS, H7N9 Influenza virus (92, 97)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) Various viruses, including HIV and SARS-CoV (86, 87, 98–102) The entry of bacteria, bacterial products or viruses into host cells may also occur via some of these receptors. Such binding evokes signaling systems and pathways involving, amongst others, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (105), NF-κB (106), activator protein 1 (AP-1) (107), and various interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) [for a comprehensive review see (108)]. During infection, activation of these signaling pathways results in a cellular response that shares multiple cytoplasmic components, leading ultimately to the activation of a complex biomolecular network. Phosphorylation of relevant substrates (e.g., enzymes, microtubules, histones, and transcription factors) plays a crucial role in determining the host's cellular response (109). Viruses (110, 111), as well as bacteria (112), interact with and bind to HSPGs, using this proteoglycan as entry into the cell (see also Figure 1). LF acts as an important element in host defense mechanisms by binding to these receptors, but also binding to HSPG on cells, since these are locations where binding to bacteria and their cell wall products as well as viruses occur. The membrane-penetrating peptide HIV-tat, released from HIV-infected cells, also enters surrounding cells using HSPGs (86, 98). This binding capacity allows LF to compete with such molecules for receptor occupancy (113, 114), and therefore plays a vital role in host immunity (20). LF can also serve to prevent nephrotoxicity, e.g., of cisplatin (115)."}

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":416,"end":428},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005041"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":563,"end":568},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0038147"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2071,"end":2076},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0038147"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2814,"end":2819},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0038147"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":3135,"end":3144},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":3227,"end":3231},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":3414,"end":3432},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":3414,"end":3423},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":3581,"end":3596},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016310"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":3664,"end":3685},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000981"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":3664,"end":3677},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"}],"text":"Lactoferrin and Its Membrane Receptors\nLF is thought to exert its main biological activities following interaction with receptors on target cells. There are in fact many LF receptors, though sometimes one is referred to as “the” lactoferrin receptor. They have been detected in multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cells and lymphocytes (60, 61). Receptors that bind LF include CD14 (62), LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1/CD91) (63–65) intelectin-1 (omentin-1) (66), Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR4) (67) and cytokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) (68) (see Table 2). Importantly, LF also binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are cell-surface and extracellular matrix macromolecules that are composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (86, 87, 98, 99). See Table 2. Different receptors express at vastly different levels in different tissues; thus intelectin-1 is really expressed only in the intestine (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000179914-ITLN1/tissue), while LRP1 is far more widely distributed https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123384-LRP1/tissue. These multiple receptors arguably underpin the substantial and widespread effects that LF can induce, since only when multiple targets are hit simultaneously can one normally have major effects (103, 104).\nTable 2 Receptors for lactoferrin, cells where these receptors are present, and other molecules and/or components that might bind to these receptors.\nReceptor for lactoferrin Cell types where receptor are present Selected references\nLactoferrin receptor/LRP-1/CD91/apoE receptor or the chyclomicron remnant receptor Multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cell lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neurons, hepatocytes, endothelial cells (62) (60, 69–71)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Visceral (omental and epicardial) fat, mesothelial cells, vascular cells, airway goblet cells, small intestine, colon, ovary, and plasma (66, 72)\nTLR2 and TLR4 Endothelial cells, platelets, neutrophils (73–80)\nCXCR4 Platelets, endothelial cells, neutrophils, T-cells (78, 81–83)\nCD14 Macrophages, neutrophils (62, 84, 85)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes (86, 87)\nInterleukin 1 Various cells\nSelected molecules and entities that bind to these receptors, other than lactoferrin\nReceptor Molecule or cellular entity References\nLactoferrin receptor Bacteria (30)\nLRP-1 Amyloid beta (Aβ) (69, 88–90)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Microbial sugars, including β-D-galactofuranose (β-Galf), D-glycerol 1-phosphate, d-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KO), and 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) (91)\nTLR4 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) Herpex simplex (78, 92–94)\nCXCR4 Viruses (including HIV) (78, 95, 96)\nCD14 LPS, H7N9 Influenza virus (92, 97)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) Various viruses, including HIV and SARS-CoV (86, 87, 98–102) The entry of bacteria, bacterial products or viruses into host cells may also occur via some of these receptors. Such binding evokes signaling systems and pathways involving, amongst others, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (105), NF-κB (106), activator protein 1 (AP-1) (107), and various interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) [for a comprehensive review see (108)]. During infection, activation of these signaling pathways results in a cellular response that shares multiple cytoplasmic components, leading ultimately to the activation of a complex biomolecular network. Phosphorylation of relevant substrates (e.g., enzymes, microtubules, histones, and transcription factors) plays a crucial role in determining the host's cellular response (109). Viruses (110, 111), as well as bacteria (112), interact with and bind to HSPGs, using this proteoglycan as entry into the cell (see also Figure 1). LF acts as an important element in host defense mechanisms by binding to these receptors, but also binding to HSPG on cells, since these are locations where binding to bacteria and their cell wall products as well as viruses occur. The membrane-penetrating peptide HIV-tat, released from HIV-infected cells, also enters surrounding cells using HSPGs (86, 98). This binding capacity allows LF to compete with such molecules for receptor occupancy (113, 114), and therefore plays a vital role in host immunity (20). LF can also serve to prevent nephrotoxicity, e.g., of cisplatin (115)."}

LitCovid-sentences

LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GlycoEpitope","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":620,"end":635},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":2187,"end":2202},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":2901,"end":2916},"obj":"GlycoEpitope"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0086"},{"id":"A4","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0086"},{"id":"A5","pred":"glyco_epitope_db_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://www.glycoepitope.jp/epitopes/EP0086"}],"text":"Lactoferrin and Its Membrane Receptors\nLF is thought to exert its main biological activities following interaction with receptors on target cells. There are in fact many LF receptors, though sometimes one is referred to as “the” lactoferrin receptor. They have been detected in multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cells and lymphocytes (60, 61). Receptors that bind LF include CD14 (62), LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1/CD91) (63–65) intelectin-1 (omentin-1) (66), Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR4) (67) and cytokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) (68) (see Table 2). Importantly, LF also binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which are cell-surface and extracellular matrix macromolecules that are composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (86, 87, 98, 99). See Table 2. Different receptors express at vastly different levels in different tissues; thus intelectin-1 is really expressed only in the intestine (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000179914-ITLN1/tissue), while LRP1 is far more widely distributed https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123384-LRP1/tissue. These multiple receptors arguably underpin the substantial and widespread effects that LF can induce, since only when multiple targets are hit simultaneously can one normally have major effects (103, 104).\nTable 2 Receptors for lactoferrin, cells where these receptors are present, and other molecules and/or components that might bind to these receptors.\nReceptor for lactoferrin Cell types where receptor are present Selected references\nLactoferrin receptor/LRP-1/CD91/apoE receptor or the chyclomicron remnant receptor Multiple tissues and cell types including intestinal epithelial cell lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neurons, hepatocytes, endothelial cells (62) (60, 69–71)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Visceral (omental and epicardial) fat, mesothelial cells, vascular cells, airway goblet cells, small intestine, colon, ovary, and plasma (66, 72)\nTLR2 and TLR4 Endothelial cells, platelets, neutrophils (73–80)\nCXCR4 Platelets, endothelial cells, neutrophils, T-cells (78, 81–83)\nCD14 Macrophages, neutrophils (62, 84, 85)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes (86, 87)\nInterleukin 1 Various cells\nSelected molecules and entities that bind to these receptors, other than lactoferrin\nReceptor Molecule or cellular entity References\nLactoferrin receptor Bacteria (30)\nLRP-1 Amyloid beta (Aβ) (69, 88–90)\nIntelectin-1 (omentin-1) Microbial sugars, including β-D-galactofuranose (β-Galf), D-glycerol 1-phosphate, d-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KO), and 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) (91)\nTLR4 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) Herpex simplex (78, 92–94)\nCXCR4 Viruses (including HIV) (78, 95, 96)\nCD14 LPS, H7N9 Influenza virus (92, 97)\nHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) Various viruses, including HIV and SARS-CoV (86, 87, 98–102) The entry of bacteria, bacterial products or viruses into host cells may also occur via some of these receptors. Such binding evokes signaling systems and pathways involving, amongst others, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (105), NF-κB (106), activator protein 1 (AP-1) (107), and various interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) [for a comprehensive review see (108)]. During infection, activation of these signaling pathways results in a cellular response that shares multiple cytoplasmic components, leading ultimately to the activation of a complex biomolecular network. Phosphorylation of relevant substrates (e.g., enzymes, microtubules, histones, and transcription factors) plays a crucial role in determining the host's cellular response (109). Viruses (110, 111), as well as bacteria (112), interact with and bind to HSPGs, using this proteoglycan as entry into the cell (see also Figure 1). LF acts as an important element in host defense mechanisms by binding to these receptors, but also binding to HSPG on cells, since these are locations where binding to bacteria and their cell wall products as well as viruses occur. The membrane-penetrating peptide HIV-tat, released from HIV-infected cells, also enters surrounding cells using HSPGs (86, 98). This binding capacity allows LF to compete with such molecules for receptor occupancy (113, 114), and therefore plays a vital role in host immunity (20). LF can also serve to prevent nephrotoxicity, e.g., of cisplatin (115)."}

MyTest

TEST0

2_test

PMC:7271924 / 8573-13064 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7271924 / 8573-13064 JSON TXT