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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":220,"end":225},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":452,"end":466},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":1090,"end":1095},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":1706,"end":1711},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":2449,"end":2455},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":3748,"end":3753},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":4745,"end":4750},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004894"},{"id":"A4","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001443"},{"id":"A5","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001443"},{"id":"A6","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007311"},{"id":"A7","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107"},{"id":"A8","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002107"}],"text":"Clinical Presentation\nSimilar to SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors for entry via endocytosis into alveolar epithelial cells, as well as other cells with ACE2 receptors in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. 2 , 4 COVID‐19 results from SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, causing early cell death (i.e., apoptosis) and provoking a storm of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]) disrupting alveolar walls with resulting fluid accumulation in alveoli. 4\nThe incubation period from infection to onset of COVID‐19 disease is typically 5 to 7 days (range 1‐14 days). 1 , 2 , 7 The most common symptoms of COVID‐19 are fever and nonproductive cough (Table 1). 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently added anosmia and ageusia, the loss of smell and taste, as COVID‐19 symptoms. 7 Laboratory findings are remarkable for a normal leukocyte count, lymphopenia, and elevated C‐reactive protein. 1 , 6 , 8 Most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have a bilateral ground‐glass appearance on chest computed tomography (CT) scan consistent with viral pneumonia.\nTable 1 Clinical Features of COVID‐19 in Wuhan and Multiple Other Locations in China\nClinical Features Wuhan, China Multiple Locations, China\nNumber of patients 10,999 3,062\nSymptoms\nFever 89% 80%\nCough 68% 63%\nExpectoration 34% 42%\nDyspnea 19% 34%\nFatigue/Myalgia 38% 46%\nHeadache 14% 15%\nNausea/Vomiting 5% 10%\nDiarrhea 4% 13%\nLaboratory results\nLeukocytes in normal range 94% 70%\nLymphopenia 83% 57%\nIncreased C‐reactive protein 61% 74%\nAlanine aminotransferase above upper limit of normal 21% 29%\nImaging\nAbnormal chest CT 86% 89%\nBilateral infiltrates (ground glass) 56% 76%\nAcute respiratory distress syndrome 6% 20%\nMortality 1.4% 6%\nData are from Guna et al. 1 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7\nJohn Wiley \u0026 Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. Today, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is the COVID‐19 diagnostic test. 2 , 7 RT‐PCR sensitivity is highest for testing bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (93%) and declines for sputum (72%) and nasal swab (63%) specimens. 10 COVID‐19 diagnosis might require repeat testing. 2 , 7 Serological tests to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies are available. However, because of test sensitivity and other quality concerns, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA; https://www.fda.gov) advises current serological tests are best used for surveillance and research, and not as the sole basis for COVID‐19 diagnosis.\nCOVID‐19 is commonly a mild disease. Of the first 72,314 COVID‐19 disease reported in China, 81% had no or mild pneumonia, 21% had severe dyspnea and radiological evidence of pulmonary disease, and 5% progressed to SARS. 1 Individuals can be ill for a week or longer before experiencing severe symptoms.\nThe risk for severe COVID‐19 disease is highest for men, older adults, and patients with certain comorbidities. In the United States, 80% of reported COVID‐19–related deaths are among people aged ≥65 years. 7 , 9 , 11 Deaths are rare among persons \u003c24 years of age. 1 , 7 , 11 In the United States, most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease 7 , 11 (Table 2). Although listed by the CDC as a comorbid condition associated with severe COVID‐19, chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, has not been a common comorbidity associated with hospitalization in the United States (Table 2). The high prevalence of comorbid conditions can explain, in part, African Americans’ increased risk for hospitalization with COVID‐19 disease. 5 Variable comorbidity prevalence contributes to differences in national COVID mortality. Globally, crude fatality rates for COVID‐19 range from 0.2% in Singapore, to 2.0% to 3.0% in South Korea and Germany, to 4.3% for the United States, and to 10% to 13% in Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom. 2 , 5\nTable 2 Comorbidities Among Persons With COVID‐19 Disease, United States\nCondition United States* New York City\nNot Hospitalized Hospitalized Intensive Care Hospitalized\nPatients 5143 1037 457 5700\nOne or more condition 27% 71% 78% 88%\nObesity 42%\nHypertension 57%\nDiabetes mellitus 6% 24% 32% 34%\nCardiovascular disease 5% 23% 29% 18%\nChronic renal disease 1% 9% 12% 0.6%\nChronic liver disease 1% 1% 2% 9%\nImmunocompromised 3% 6% 9% 2%\nMortality 21%\nTotal 21%\n1 Comorbidity 88%\n* Based on data from the CDC for all 50 states and territories. Otherwise, data are Richardson et al. 11\nJohn Wiley \u0026 Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. The search for effective therapies and a vaccine is occurring at a remarkable pace, with at least 29 studies of therapeutic agents and 5 studies of candidate vaccines registered on ClinicalTrials.org (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov). On May 1, 2020, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization of remdesivir, a broad‐spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug for treatment of severe COVID‐19. Studies of monoclonal antibodies against IL‐6 and hyperimmune immunoglobulin are in progress. Following reports of serious cardiac arrythmias, the FDA cautioned clinicians of prescribing hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment of COVID‐19. A safe and effective vaccine, if successfully developed, probably will not be available for 12 to 18 months."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":126,"end":137},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006897"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":332,"end":342},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008219"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":350,"end":359},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097194"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":350,"end":359},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006915"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":849,"end":854},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050909"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":2254,"end":2275},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001171"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":2262,"end":2275},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"}],"text":"Clinical Presentation\nSimilar to SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors for entry via endocytosis into alveolar epithelial cells, as well as other cells with ACE2 receptors in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. 2 , 4 COVID‐19 results from SARS‐CoV‐2 replication, causing early cell death (i.e., apoptosis) and provoking a storm of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]) disrupting alveolar walls with resulting fluid accumulation in alveoli. 4\nThe incubation period from infection to onset of COVID‐19 disease is typically 5 to 7 days (range 1‐14 days). 1 , 2 , 7 The most common symptoms of COVID‐19 are fever and nonproductive cough (Table 1). 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently added anosmia and ageusia, the loss of smell and taste, as COVID‐19 symptoms. 7 Laboratory findings are remarkable for a normal leukocyte count, lymphopenia, and elevated C‐reactive protein. 1 , 6 , 8 Most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have a bilateral ground‐glass appearance on chest computed tomography (CT) scan consistent with viral pneumonia.\nTable 1 Clinical Features of COVID‐19 in Wuhan and Multiple Other Locations in China\nClinical Features Wuhan, China Multiple Locations, China\nNumber of patients 10,999 3,062\nSymptoms\nFever 89% 80%\nCough 68% 63%\nExpectoration 34% 42%\nDyspnea 19% 34%\nFatigue/Myalgia 38% 46%\nHeadache 14% 15%\nNausea/Vomiting 5% 10%\nDiarrhea 4% 13%\nLaboratory results\nLeukocytes in normal range 94% 70%\nLymphopenia 83% 57%\nIncreased C‐reactive protein 61% 74%\nAlanine aminotransferase above upper limit of normal 21% 29%\nImaging\nAbnormal chest CT 86% 89%\nBilateral infiltrates (ground glass) 56% 76%\nAcute respiratory distress syndrome 6% 20%\nMortality 1.4% 6%\nData are from Guna et al. 1 and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7\nJohn Wiley \u0026 Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. Today, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is the COVID‐19 diagnostic test. 2 , 7 RT‐PCR sensitivity is highest for testing bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (93%) and declines for sputum (72%) and nasal swab (63%) specimens. 10 COVID‐19 diagnosis might require repeat testing. 2 , 7 Serological tests to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies are available. However, because of test sensitivity and other quality concerns, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA; https://www.fda.gov) advises current serological tests are best used for surveillance and research, and not as the sole basis for COVID‐19 diagnosis.\nCOVID‐19 is commonly a mild disease. Of the first 72,314 COVID‐19 disease reported in China, 81% had no or mild pneumonia, 21% had severe dyspnea and radiological evidence of pulmonary disease, and 5% progressed to SARS. 1 Individuals can be ill for a week or longer before experiencing severe symptoms.\nThe risk for severe COVID‐19 disease is highest for men, older adults, and patients with certain comorbidities. In the United States, 80% of reported COVID‐19–related deaths are among people aged ≥65 years. 7 , 9 , 11 Deaths are rare among persons \u003c24 years of age. 1 , 7 , 11 In the United States, most hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 have comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease 7 , 11 (Table 2). Although listed by the CDC as a comorbid condition associated with severe COVID‐19, chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, has not been a common comorbidity associated with hospitalization in the United States (Table 2). The high prevalence of comorbid conditions can explain, in part, African Americans’ increased risk for hospitalization with COVID‐19 disease. 5 Variable comorbidity prevalence contributes to differences in national COVID mortality. Globally, crude fatality rates for COVID‐19 range from 0.2% in Singapore, to 2.0% to 3.0% in South Korea and Germany, to 4.3% for the United States, and to 10% to 13% in Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom. 2 , 5\nTable 2 Comorbidities Among Persons With COVID‐19 Disease, United States\nCondition United States* New York City\nNot Hospitalized Hospitalized Intensive Care Hospitalized\nPatients 5143 1037 457 5700\nOne or more condition 27% 71% 78% 88%\nObesity 42%\nHypertension 57%\nDiabetes mellitus 6% 24% 32% 34%\nCardiovascular disease 5% 23% 29% 18%\nChronic renal disease 1% 9% 12% 0.6%\nChronic liver disease 1% 1% 2% 9%\nImmunocompromised 3% 6% 9% 2%\nMortality 21%\nTotal 21%\n1 Comorbidity 88%\n* Based on data from the CDC for all 50 states and territories. Otherwise, data are Richardson et al. 11\nJohn Wiley \u0026 Sons, Ltd This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. The search for effective therapies and a vaccine is occurring at a remarkable pace, with at least 29 studies of therapeutic agents and 5 studies of candidate vaccines registered on ClinicalTrials.org (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov). On May 1, 2020, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization of remdesivir, a broad‐spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug for treatment of severe COVID‐19. Studies of monoclonal antibodies against IL‐6 and hyperimmune immunoglobulin are in progress. Following reports of serious cardiac arrythmias, the FDA cautioned clinicians of prescribing hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment of COVID‐19. A safe and effective vaccine, if successfully developed, probably will not be available for 12 to 18 months."}

LitCovid-sentences

LitCovid-PD-HP

PMC:7242012 / 3663-9708 JSONTXT

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PMC:7242012 / 3663-9708 JSON TXT