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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":380,"end":383},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2508,"end":2511},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":3842,"end":3845},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":3964,"end":3968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":4164,"end":4168},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":4351,"end":4355},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":4372,"end":4376},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":4785,"end":4788},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":7392,"end":7410},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":7406,"end":7410},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A18","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A19","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A20","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A21","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712"},{"id":"A22","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712"},{"id":"A23","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712"},{"id":"A24","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712"},{"id":"A25","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448"},{"id":"A26","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25240"},{"id":"A27","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712"}],"text":"Discussion\nAerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease. However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols. In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed. An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken. The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation. If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.\nThe positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%. The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies. The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier. Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.\nIndividuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited. The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital. Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area. The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher. In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers. The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards. Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.\nWater machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected. These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus. Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care. Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination. Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.\nOne of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines. Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.\nBased on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated. To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19. Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care. There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day. There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital. First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant. However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process. Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended. Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period. They received the necessary training without professional experience. Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection. The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.\nThe data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection. Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission. Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus."}

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":3964,"end":3968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":4164,"end":4168},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":4351,"end":4355},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":4372,"end":4376},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":4785,"end":4788},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":7406,"end":7410},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A10","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"},{"id":"A11","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"},{"id":"A12","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"},{"id":"A13","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"},{"id":"A14","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970"},{"id":"A15","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398"}],"text":"Discussion\nAerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease. However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols. In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed. An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken. The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation. If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.\nThe positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%. The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies. The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier. Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.\nIndividuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited. The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital. Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area. The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher. In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers. The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards. Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.\nWater machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected. These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus. Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care. Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination. Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.\nOne of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines. Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.\nBased on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated. To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19. Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care. There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day. There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital. First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant. However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process. Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended. Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period. They received the necessary training without professional experience. Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection. The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.\nThe data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection. Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission. Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":1984,"end":1995},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":2673,"end":2678},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":2947,"end":2952},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":5182,"end":5190},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":5197,"end":5210},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":5414,"end":5422},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":5434,"end":5446},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":5619,"end":5632},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":6683,"end":6685},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A17","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232"},{"id":"A18","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377"},{"id":"A19","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377"},{"id":"A20","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23116"},{"id":"A21","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29310"},{"id":"A22","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219"},{"id":"A23","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23116"},{"id":"A24","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29310"},{"id":"A25","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219"},{"id":"A26","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219"},{"id":"A27","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73694"}],"text":"Discussion\nAerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease. However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols. In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed. An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken. The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation. If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.\nThe positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%. The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies. The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier. Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.\nIndividuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited. The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital. Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area. The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher. In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers. The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards. Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.\nWater machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected. These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus. Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care. Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination. Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.\nOne of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines. Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.\nBased on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated. To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19. Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care. There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day. There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital. First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant. However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process. Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended. Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period. They received the necessary training without professional experience. Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection. The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.\nThe data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection. Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission. Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus."}

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":914,"end":922},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0015297"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":1857,"end":1868},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":3497,"end":3507},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":6591,"end":6602},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007"}],"text":"Discussion\nAerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease. However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols. In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed. An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken. The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation. If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.\nThe positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%. The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies. The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier. Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.\nIndividuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited. The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital. Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area. The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher. In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers. The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards. Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.\nWater machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected. These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus. Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care. Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination. Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.\nOne of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines. Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.\nBased on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated. To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19. Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care. There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day. There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital. First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant. However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process. Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended. Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period. They received the necessary training without professional experience. Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection. The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.\nThe data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection. Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission. Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus."}

LitCovid-sentences

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":2429,"end":2434},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"}],"text":"Discussion\nAerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease. However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols. In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed. An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken. The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation. If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.\nThe positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%. The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies. The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier. Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.\nIndividuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited. The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital. Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area. The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher. In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers. The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards. Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.\nWater machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected. These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus. Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care. Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination. Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.\nOne of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines. Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.\nBased on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated. To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19. Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care. There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day. There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital. First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant. However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process. Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended. Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period. They received the necessary training without professional experience. Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection. The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.\nThe data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection. Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission. Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus."}

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32407826-31986261-2066479","span":{"begin":231,"end":233},"obj":"31986261"},{"id":"32407826-28363251-2066480","span":{"begin":702,"end":704},"obj":"28363251"},{"id":"32407826-17661928-2066481","span":{"begin":1012,"end":1014},"obj":"17661928"},{"id":"32407826-26818469-2066482","span":{"begin":1110,"end":1112},"obj":"26818469"},{"id":"32407826-28078082-2066483","span":{"begin":4364,"end":4366},"obj":"28078082"},{"id":"32407826-28768591-2066484","span":{"begin":4369,"end":4371},"obj":"28768591"},{"id":"32407826-29889934-2066485","span":{"begin":5031,"end":5033},"obj":"29889934"},{"id":"32407826-26597631-2066486","span":{"begin":6393,"end":6395},"obj":"26597631"}],"text":"Discussion\nAerosol transmission of the virus could lead to the spread of an epidemic infectious disease. However, previous studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted within family and hospital-associated populations,3 , 11 , 12 indicating that this virus spreads mainly through close contact and infected respiratory droplets rather than through aerosols. In our study, the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any of the 44 air samples, indicating that the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols is yet to be confirmed. An air sampler that could force larger volumes of air should be required to detect low concentrations of the virus in the clinical environment in further studies.13 Conversely, in the designated hospitals for COVID-19, strict measures for air purification had been taken. The most important measure was to open windows to promote ventilation. If mobility could increase air exchange and reduce the virus concentration, then the probability of infection is greatly reduced.14 , 15 Previous studies have shown that ultraviolet light could kill the coronavirus effectively.16 For rooms with poor ventilation in the designated hospital, an ultraviolet air disinfection machine with 24 hours ultraviolet disinfection filtration was devoted to sterilize the air.\nThe positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the 200 surface samples was 19.00%. The positive rate in medical areas was higher than that in the living quarters, demonstrating the efficacy of the nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies. The wards were divided into different areas according to the risk level of infection, separating patients and healthcare workers using a physical barrier. Targeted measures for nosocomial infection prevention and control were carried out.\nIndividuals in the designated hospital were required to adhere to the regulations imposed in different areas, and crossing of those different areas was strictly prohibited. The results showed that application of physical barriers combined with behavioral management can effectively prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the designated hospital. Two positive samples taken from the living quarters indicated the importance of more careful and thorough environmental cleaning and disinfection in this area. The positive rates in areas such as general isolation ward 1, general isolation ward 3, general isolation ward 6, ICU, emergency room, and fever clinic in public area were, on average, higher. In our study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from the environmental surfaces frequently touched by patients and healthcare workers. The top 5 sites with a positive infection rate were beepers, water machine buttons, elevator buttons, computer mouses, telephones, and keyboards. Special emphasis should be placed on the cleaning and disinfection of the crucial parts of key departments, and intensive disinfection should be instituted and done by professional nurses.\nWater machine buttons and elevator buttons that are frequently used by healthcare workers or patients are some of the neglected sites in the hospital, often not cleaned or disinfected. These sites can potentially become contaminated with the virus. Use of keyboard protection films was recommended for easier cleaning and disinfection.17 The positive rate in medical equipment surfaces such as ventilators, monitors, and X-ray devices was 30.77%, suggesting that the equipment surface can be contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 through infected respiratory secretions of infected patients; these contaminated surfaces caused the spread of the virus to healthcare workers during patient care. Fixed use of equipment for each patient was recommended to prevent cross contamination. Furthermore, all reusable medical equipment should be disinfected thoroughly.\nOne of 7 gloves was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This suggests that healthcare workers can come into contact with the contaminated surfaces mentioned above, and when hand hygiene or glove removal precautions fail, the virus and other microorganisms would spread to other surfaces and/or patients and/or healthcare workers, leading to hospital-associated infections. Hand hygiene is one of the most important measures to prevent the transmission of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and has been recommended in numerous guidelines. Gloves are not a substitute for hand hygiene.18 , 19 Hand hygiene rules should be strictly observed.\nBased on the results of our study, it can be concluded that the environment around patients with COVID-19 is widely contaminated. To protect healthcare workers, more thorough infection prevention and control guidelines are needed, as well as delivering methods to prevent contact transmission of COVID-19. Current guidelines suggest gloves, gowns, respirators, and eye protectors as PPE during COVID-19 patient care. There is also need for more careful and comprehensive procedures for putting on and removing PPE.20 In addition, the basic environmental hygiene and disinfection measures should be put in place.21 The environmental cleaning and disinfection regimes during the COVID-19 epidemic were similar in all areas: surface cleaning and disinfection using chlorine-based disinfectants were conducted twice per day. There were some limitations in the process of environmental disinfection in the designated hospital. First, environmental surface disinfection was implemented by spraying a chlorine-containing disinfectant. However, spraying cannot cover the surface evenly, such as the corners, and the effect of disinfection cannot be guaranteed without the wiping process. Moreover, spraying disinfectants may lead to harms to patients and health care workers, thus spraying disinfection should not be recommended. Second, the cleaning work in the designated hospital was mostly done by volunteer cleaners during this special period. They received the necessary training without professional experience. Third, all samples were collected under emergency conditions around 8:00 AM before routine cleaning and disinfection. The result may indicate that the usual frequency of disinfection did not meet the demand.\nThe data obtained in our study provided evidence of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated the effectiveness of disinfection. Significant environmental contamination suggests that the environment is a potential medium of transmission.22 We proposed the following suggestions: (1) environmental surface disinfection should include wiping in an “S”-shaped motion and not repeating the area that has already been cleaned, according to regulations for hospital-associated infection control in the ward of healthcare facilities (WS/T510-2016); (2) the frequency of disinfection should be increased appropriately, at least 3 times per day: twice during the day and once at night (disinfection should be conducted at any time in case of obvious contamination); and (3) cleaners should be trained repeatedly to ensure that they are qualified for their job.\nIn conclusion, our study demonstrated that environmental surfaces in designated hospitals for patients with COVID-19 were widely contaminated by SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the environment is a potential medium of transmission. Strict environmental surface hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent healthcare workers from coming into contact with contaminated environmental surfaces, and hand hygiene should be promoted to prevent the spread of virus."}

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