PMC:7205724 / 11460-14221 JSON TXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":7,"end":12},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1087},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A6","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-sample-MedDRA

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-MedDRA","denotations":[{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":475,"end":497},"obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1272,"end":1297},"obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":1299,"end":1302},"obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":2230,"end":2239},"obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A11","pred":"meddra_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10050417"},{"id":"A10","pred":"meddra_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10050967"},{"id":"A9","pred":"meddra_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10050967"},{"id":"A8","pred":"meddra_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10049413"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO","denotations":[{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":156,"end":161},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":1973,"end":1983},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000607"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":2389,"end":2393},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":2394,"end":2398},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":2585,"end":2595},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon

LitCovid-sample-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":0,"end":41},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":43,"end":212},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":213,"end":389},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":390,"end":470},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":471,"end":558},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":559,"end":724},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":725,"end":902},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":903,"end":1056},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":1058,"end":1077},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1134},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":1135,"end":1271},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":1272,"end":1462},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":1463,"end":1669},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":1670,"end":1882},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":1883,"end":2111},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":2112,"end":2269},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":2270,"end":2409},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":2410,"end":2544},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":2545,"end":2761},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":7,"end":12},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1087},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A6","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

LitCovid-sample-UniProt

LitCovid-sample-Enju

LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":0,"end":41},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":43,"end":212},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":213,"end":389},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":390,"end":470},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":471,"end":558},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":559,"end":724},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":725,"end":902},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":903,"end":1056},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":1058,"end":1077},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":1078,"end":1134},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":1135,"end":1271},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":1272,"end":1462},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":1463,"end":1669},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":1670,"end":1882},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":1883,"end":2111},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":2112,"end":2269},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":2270,"end":2409},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":2410,"end":2544},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":2545,"end":2761},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32413736-16195424-48112970","span":{"begin":466,"end":468},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"32413736-16195424-48112971","span":{"begin":1267,"end":1269},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"32413736-16195424-48112972","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1460},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"32413736-16195424-48112973","span":{"begin":1596,"end":1598},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"32413736-12730501-48112974","span":{"begin":1665,"end":1667},"obj":"12730501"},{"id":"32413736-16195424-48112975","span":{"begin":1878,"end":1880},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"T82223","span":{"begin":466,"end":468},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"T62085","span":{"begin":1267,"end":1269},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"T33865","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1460},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"T81204","span":{"begin":1596,"end":1598},"obj":"16195424"},{"id":"T68046","span":{"begin":1665,"end":1667},"obj":"12730501"},{"id":"T5396","span":{"begin":1878,"end":1880},"obj":"16195424"}],"text":"4.1.2 Serum from bats with SARS-like CoV\n\n4.1.2.1 Hypothesis: whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis shed light on the origin of the 2019-nCoV virus – It has been probably introduced from bats to men\nGenome sequencing of a fecal bat sample, Rp3, could detect an isolate of coronaviruses, which was almost identical to the causative agent of the SARS-CoV outbreak of 2002–2003. Hence, it attained the name SARS-like coronavirus isolate Rp3 (SL-CoV Rp3) [12]. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a patient with SARS contained the 2019-nCoV. RNA sequencing could reveal about 90% similarity in nucleotides of the novel coronavirus and of SARS-like coronavirus that had previously related to bats [13], [14]. In particular, the S protein of the 2019-nCoV has a high sequence identity of 80–98% with the S protein of bat SARS-like CoVs, such as SARSr-CoV ZXC21 S, ZC45 S, and RaTG13 [3]. Moreover, in phylogenomic trees, branches for the 2019-nCoV are of greater length than those for the 2003 SARS-CoV, and therefore more favorable to bats.\n\n4.1.2.2 Rationale: Bat serum is not able to efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV\nThe range of bats, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats) and the family Rhinolophidae, produce the SARS-CoV antibody [12]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) and polymerase (P) proteins in fecal samples if an individual bat being seropositive for SARS-CoV [12]. There is a significant degree of resemblance of greater than 90% in the nucleotide sequence of the viral genomes between SL-CoV Rp3 [12] and the Tor2 strain of SARS-CoV – which was isolated in Toronto [15]. The differences in the genome sequences of SARS-CoV in the two species occur merely in the S gene – which encodes the S1 domain of the coronavirus spike protein and contains regions with high mutation rates [12]. The coronaviruses commonly possess five open reading frames (ORF) that correlate with the production of the replicase polyprotein (P), the spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) glycoproteins and the nucleocapsid (N) protein. The human SARS-CoV Tor2 and bat SL-CoV Rp3 strains remain more than 90% identical at the proteins P, E, M, and N. the protein S consists of two main domains: 1) the S1 domain conveys the role of receptor binding and 2) the S2 domain assumes the role of the fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. In particular, the human SARS-CoV Tor2 strain shows a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain from the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain. This diversity would suffice to produce functional differences between the species, and is an apparent reason why bat sera having high levels of cross-reactive antibodies not acted efficiently to neutralize SARS-CoV."}

PMC:7205724 / 11460-14221 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7205724 / 11460-14221 JSON TXT