PMC:7200337 / 66764-68348 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7200337","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7200337","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7200337","text":"Immunological biomarkers are particularly important, as immunopathology has been suggested as a primary driver of morbidity and mortality with COVID-19. Several cytokines and other immunologic parameters have been correlated with COVID-19 severity (Table 1). Most notably, elevated IL-6 levels were detected in hospitalized patients, especially critically ill patients, in several studies and are associated with ICU admission, respiratory failure, and poor prognosis (Chen et al., 2020g, Huang et al., 2020b, Liu et al., 2020f). Increased IL-2R, IL-8, IL-10, and GM-CSF have been associated with disease severity as well, but studies are limited, and further studies with larger cohorts of patients are needed to indicate predictive power (Gong et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020b). Conflicting results regarding IL-1β and IL-4 have been reported (Fu et al., 2020, Gong et al., 2020, Wen et al., 2020). Although elevated cytokine concentrations have been widely described in COVID-19 patients, the vast majority (including IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, CTACK, and IFN-γ) do not seem to have prognostic value, because they do not always differentiate moderate cases from severe cases (Yang et al., 2020b). This stratification was possible with IP-10, MCP-3, and IL-1ra. While there are reports that levels of IL-6 at first assessment might predict respiratory failure (Herold et al., 2020), other publications with longitudinal analyses demonstrated that IL-6 increases fairly late during the disease’s course, consequently compromising its prognostic value at earlier stages (Zhou et al., 2020a).","tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T620","span":{"begin":161,"end":170},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T621","span":{"begin":567,"end":570},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T622","span":{"begin":811,"end":815},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T623","span":{"begin":919,"end":927},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A620","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T620","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A621","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T621","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma20935"},{"id":"A622","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T622","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583"},{"id":"A623","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T623","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"subj":"T620","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T621","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T622","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T623","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T399","span":{"begin":143,"end":151},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T400","span":{"begin":230,"end":238},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T401","span":{"begin":428,"end":447},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T402","span":{"begin":973,"end":981},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T403","span":{"begin":1335,"end":1354},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A399","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T399","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A400","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T400","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A401","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T401","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113"},{"id":"A402","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T402","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A403","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T403","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113"},{"subj":"T399","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T400","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T401","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T402","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T403","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T781","span":{"begin":72,"end":75},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T782","span":{"begin":94,"end":95},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T783","span":{"begin":540,"end":545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001380"},{"id":"T784","span":{"begin":547,"end":551},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053704"},{"id":"T785","span":{"begin":1037,"end":1039},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T781","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T782","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T783","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T784","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T785","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T69698","span":{"begin":282,"end":284},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":540,"end":542},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T45248","span":{"begin":547,"end":549},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":553,"end":555},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21224","span":{"begin":564,"end":566},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":811,"end":813},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":821,"end":823},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":1021,"end":1023},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":1027,"end":1029},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1036},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T61341","span":{"begin":1231,"end":1236},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T84432","span":{"begin":1231,"end":1233},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":1238,"end":1241},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T37885","span":{"begin":1249,"end":1251},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6533","span":{"begin":1296,"end":1298},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T45920","span":{"begin":1442,"end":1444},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A33897","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T69698","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A31371","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T69698","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A21407","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A69516","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A64267","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T45248","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A19758","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T45248","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A56622","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T84","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A18172","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T84","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A8817","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T21224","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74120"},{"id":"A9449","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T87","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id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