PMC:7200337 / 51834-53171 JSONTXT

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    2_test

    {"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32505227-16299724-46575353","span":{"begin":199,"end":203},"obj":"16299724"},{"id":"32505227-26497532-46575354","span":{"begin":615,"end":619},"obj":"26497532"},{"id":"32505227-24885320-46575355","span":{"begin":985,"end":989},"obj":"24885320"},{"id":"T99561","span":{"begin":199,"end":203},"obj":"16299724"},{"id":"T95047","span":{"begin":615,"end":619},"obj":"26497532"},{"id":"T7910","span":{"begin":985,"end":989},"obj":"24885320"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T515","span":{"begin":236,"end":244},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T516","span":{"begin":314,"end":322},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T517","span":{"begin":428,"end":431},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T518","span":{"begin":502,"end":507},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T519","span":{"begin":522,"end":533},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T520","span":{"begin":538,"end":547},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T521","span":{"begin":593,"end":598},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T522","span":{"begin":687,"end":690},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T523","span":{"begin":719,"end":723},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T524","span":{"begin":765,"end":774},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T525","span":{"begin":779,"end":790},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T526","span":{"begin":798,"end":802},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T527","span":{"begin":836,"end":841},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T528","span":{"begin":934,"end":942},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T529","span":{"begin":951,"end":962},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T530","span":{"begin":1032,"end":1040},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A515","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T515","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A516","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T516","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A517","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T517","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A518","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T518","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A519","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T519","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A520","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T520","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A521","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T521","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A522","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T522","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A523","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T523","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A524","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T524","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A525","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T525","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A526","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T526","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A527","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T527","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A528","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T528","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864"},{"id":"A529","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T529","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A530","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T530","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":719,"end":723},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":798,"end":802},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":836,"end":841},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A54","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T54","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"A55","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T55","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"A56","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T56","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T326","span":{"begin":39,"end":47},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T327","span":{"begin":346,"end":349},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T328","span":{"begin":633,"end":641},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T329","span":{"begin":713,"end":730},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T331","span":{"begin":724,"end":730},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T332","span":{"begin":732,"end":735},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T333","span":{"begin":868,"end":876},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T334","span":{"begin":901,"end":910},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T335","span":{"begin":914,"end":922},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T336","span":{"begin":992,"end":995},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T337","span":{"begin":1148,"end":1151},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T338","span":{"begin":1195,"end":1203},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T339","span":{"begin":1288,"end":1296},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A326","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T326","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A327","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T327","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019383"},{"id":"A328","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T328","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A329","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T329","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A330","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T329","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015796"},{"id":"A331","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T331","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021178"},{"id":"A332","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T332","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A333","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T333","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A334","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T334","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A335","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T335","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A336","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T336","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019383"},{"id":"A337","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T337","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019383"},{"id":"A338","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T338","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A339","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T339","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T641","span":{"begin":211,"end":214},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T642","span":{"begin":264,"end":271},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T643","span":{"begin":413,"end":418},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T644","span":{"begin":452,"end":457},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T645","span":{"begin":473,"end":475},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052676"},{"id":"T646","span":{"begin":502,"end":507},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T647","span":{"begin":538,"end":547},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T648","span":{"begin":573,"end":583},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T649","span":{"begin":593,"end":598},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T650","span":{"begin":622,"end":623},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T651","span":{"begin":653,"end":668},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9544"},{"id":"T652","span":{"begin":719,"end":723},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T653","span":{"begin":719,"end":723},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"},{"id":"T654","span":{"begin":765,"end":774},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T655","span":{"begin":798,"end":802},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T656","span":{"begin":798,"end":802},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"},{"id":"T657","span":{"begin":928,"end":933},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T658","span":{"begin":934,"end":942},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576"},{"id":"T659","span":{"begin":1019,"end":1020},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T660","span":{"begin":1055,"end":1056},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-PD-HP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":713,"end":730},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":732,"end":735},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A28","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_178320"},{"id":"A29","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://www.orpha.net/ORDO/Orphanet_178320"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"1702","span":{"begin":557,"end":559},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1703","span":{"begin":287,"end":289},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1704","span":{"begin":255,"end":257},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1705","span":{"begin":219,"end":221},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1706","span":{"begin":154,"end":156},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1707","span":{"begin":97,"end":99},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1708","span":{"begin":39,"end":47},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1709","span":{"begin":136,"end":144},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1710","span":{"begin":157,"end":165},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1711","span":{"begin":653,"end":668},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1712","span":{"begin":868,"end":876},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1713","span":{"begin":879,"end":887},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1714","span":{"begin":914,"end":922},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1715","span":{"begin":928,"end":933},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1716","span":{"begin":1057,"end":1064},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1717","span":{"begin":1070,"end":1078},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1718","span":{"begin":1174,"end":1178},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1719","span":{"begin":1195,"end":1205},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1720","span":{"begin":1288,"end":1298},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1721","span":{"begin":633,"end":652},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1722","span":{"begin":713,"end":730},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1723","span":{"begin":901,"end":910},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1702","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1702","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A1703","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1703","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A1704","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1704","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A1705","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1705","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A1706","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1706","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A1707","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1707","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A1708","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1708","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A1709","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1709","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1710","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1710","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1711","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1711","obj":"Tax:9544"},{"id":"A1712","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1712","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A1713","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1713","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1714","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1714","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A1715","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1715","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1716","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1716","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1717","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1717","obj":"Tax:1335626"},{"id":"A1718","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1718","obj":"Tax:10116"},{"id":"A1719","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1719","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1720","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1720","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1721","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1721","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1722","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1722","obj":"MESH:D055371"},{"id":"A1723","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1723","obj":"MESH:D007239"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T284","span":{"begin":0,"end":205},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T285","span":{"begin":206,"end":362},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T286","span":{"begin":363,"end":621},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T287","span":{"begin":622,"end":822},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T288","span":{"begin":823,"end":991},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T289","span":{"begin":992,"end":1099},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T290","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1337},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"This was also observed in the previous SARS-CoV-1 epidemic, where neutralizing titers were found to be significantly higher in deceased patients compared to patients who had recovered (Zhang et al., 2006). This has led to concerns that antibody responses to these viruses may contribute to pulmonary pathology via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) (Figure 4). This phenomenon is observed when non-neutralizing virus-specific IgG facilitate entry of virus particles into Fc-receptor (FcR) expressing cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, leading to inflammatory activation of these cells (Taylor et al., 2015). A study in SARS-CoV-1-infected rhesus macaques found that anti-S IgG contributed to severe acute lung injury (ALI) and massive accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in the lung (Liu et al., 2019). Furthermore, serum containing anti-S Ig from SARS-CoV-1 patients enhanced the infection of SARS-CoV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro (Yip et al., 2014). ADE was also reported with a monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient with MERS-CoV (Wan et al., 2020c). Somewhat reassuringly, there was no evidence of ADE mediated by sera from rats vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD in vitro (Quinlan et al., 2020) nor in macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (Gao et al., 2020c)."}