PMC:7200337 / 104523-106298 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32505227-19198616-46575446","span":{"begin":350,"end":354},"obj":"19198616"},{"id":"32505227-30058403-46575447","span":{"begin":388,"end":392},"obj":"30058403"},{"id":"32505227-32155444-46575448","span":{"begin":455,"end":459},"obj":"32155444"},{"id":"32505227-19198616-46575449","span":{"begin":629,"end":633},"obj":"19198616"},{"id":"32505227-15878679-46575450","span":{"begin":883,"end":887},"obj":"15878679"},{"id":"32505227-15857975-46575451","span":{"begin":901,"end":905},"obj":"15857975"},{"id":"32505227-18832706-46575453","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1558},"obj":"18832706"},{"id":"32505227-26954467-46575454","span":{"begin":1571,"end":1575},"obj":"26954467"},{"id":"T46174","span":{"begin":350,"end":354},"obj":"19198616"},{"id":"T50934","span":{"begin":388,"end":392},"obj":"30058403"},{"id":"T45442","span":{"begin":455,"end":459},"obj":"32155444"},{"id":"T86111","span":{"begin":629,"end":633},"obj":"19198616"},{"id":"T47158","span":{"begin":883,"end":887},"obj":"15878679"},{"id":"T45218","span":{"begin":901,"end":905},"obj":"15857975"},{"id":"T57864","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1558},"obj":"18832706"},{"id":"T56463","span":{"begin":1571,"end":1575},"obj":"26954467"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":38,"end":45},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":172,"end":179},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":468,"end":475},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":594,"end":598},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":753,"end":760},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":791,"end":799},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1148,"end":1152},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1176,"end":1183},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1231,"end":1235},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1291,"end":1296},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1335,"end":1343},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1359,"end":1363},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1440,"end":1445},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1517,"end":1522},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1536,"end":1541},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1603,"end":1607},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A14","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A15","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A16","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A17","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A18","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A19","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A20","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A21","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A22","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A23","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A24","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A25","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A26","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A27","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A28","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A29","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T597","span":{"begin":6,"end":14},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T598","span":{"begin":139,"end":148},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T599","span":{"begin":269,"end":278},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T600","span":{"begin":314,"end":322},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T601","span":{"begin":429,"end":437},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T602","span":{"begin":687,"end":695},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T603","span":{"begin":698,"end":707},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T604","span":{"begin":950,"end":959},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T605","span":{"begin":1121,"end":1129},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T606","span":{"begin":1259,"end":1268},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T607","span":{"begin":1406,"end":1415},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T608","span":{"begin":1676,"end":1684},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A597","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T597","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A598","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T598","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A599","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T599","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A600","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T600","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A601","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T601","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A602","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T602","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A603","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T603","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A604","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T604","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A605","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T605","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A606","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T606","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A607","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T607","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A608","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T608","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":46,"end":49},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":180,"end":183},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":388,"end":392},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":401,"end":404},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":476,"end":479},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":592,"end":598},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":639,"end":645},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":1012,"end":1015},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":1146,"end":1152},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":1229,"end":1235},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":1289,"end":1296},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1303},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":1316,"end":1324},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":1357,"end":1363},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":1391,"end":1393},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":1433,"end":1436},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053438"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":1438,"end":1445},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":1510,"end":1513},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001004"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":1515,"end":1522},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":1534,"end":1541},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":1543,"end":1545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":1543,"end":1545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":1601,"end":1607},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084"},{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":1720,"end":1721},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T57903","span":{"begin":38,"end":45},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T30408","span":{"begin":172,"end":179},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T21639","span":{"begin":468,"end":475},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T40595","span":{"begin":753,"end":760},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T85931","span":{"begin":791,"end":799},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T55851","span":{"begin":1073,"end":1075},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T49065","span":{"begin":1176,"end":1183},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1335,"end":1343},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T96826","span":{"begin":1543,"end":1545},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T23755","span":{"begin":1591,"end":1600},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T13400","span":{"begin":1758,"end":1760},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A46980","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T57903","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A54333","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T30408","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A36636","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T21639","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A41862","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T40595","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A56826","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T85931","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A13867","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T55851","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28112"},{"id":"A55807","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T49065","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A76987","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A10357","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T96826","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145"},{"id":"A13427","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T23755","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A17785","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T13400","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28112"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":222,"end":253},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050778"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":238,"end":253},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":594,"end":616},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002456"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":594,"end":616},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002449"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1356},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007613"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1426,"end":1432},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007613"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1503,"end":1509},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007613"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1527,"end":1533},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007613"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

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This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T628","span":{"begin":0,"end":149},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T629","span":{"begin":150,"end":461},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T630","span":{"begin":462,"end":635},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T631","span":{"begin":636,"end":1109},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T632","span":{"begin":1110,"end":1577},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T633","span":{"begin":1578,"end":1775},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Since SARS-CoV-1 first emerged, the S protein has been favored as the most promising target for vaccine development to protect against CoV infection. This particular viral protein has important roles in viral entry and in stimulating the immune response during natural infection and in vaccination studies of both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (Du et al., 2009, Song et al., 2019, Zhou et al., 2018), which has also been confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 (Walls et al., 2020). The S protein has been found to induce robust and protective humoral and cellular immunity, including the development of nAbs and T cell-mediated immunity (Du et al., 2009). In animal models, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-1 infection appear to be induction of nAbs against the S protein, although antibodies to other proteins have been detected, such as those against nucleoprotein (N) and ORF3a (Qiu et al., 2005, Sui et al., 2005). nAbs are also believed to protect against infection by blocking receptor binding and viral entry, which has been shown with pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (Ni et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2020a). Studies of SARS-CoV-1 indicate that T cell response against the S protein correlates with nAb titers and dominated the T cell response after natural infection, which also induced T cells active against the membrane (M) and N proteins, that memory T cell responses can persist even 11 years after infection, and that memory CD8+ T cells can protect mice from lethal challenge in the absence of memory CD4+ T cells and memory B cells (Li et al., 2008, Ng et al., 2016). RBD-specific antiviral T cell responses have also been detected in people who have recovered from COVID-19, further validating its promise as a vaccine target (Braun et al., 2020, Ni et al., 2020)."}