PMC:7195088 / 65752-69458 JSON TXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":1719,"end":1742},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":1775,"end":1798},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":2760,"end":2764},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A116","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T116","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45661"},{"id":"A117","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T117","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45662"},{"id":"A118","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T118","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"}],"text":"Question 7. what is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?\nMost clinical data on the timing of antiviral therapy initiation are derived from studies on viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, and it remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies in SARS-CoV-1 and influenza showed a possible favourable impact on mortality of early initiation of antiviral treatment after symptoms onset [[79], [80], [81], [82]]. With regard to SARS-CoV-2, although the results of the previously cited RCT comparing LPV/RTV versus standard of care eventually does not support the use of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19, it is also of note that the median time between symptom onset and randomization was 13 days (interquartile range, 11–16 days), so in most cases, the drug was initiated late during the course of the disease [22]. Consequently, we cannot exclude the possibility that an earlier initiation of LPV/RTV may be associated with improved prognosis. In this regard, we think the results of this RCT may be hypothesis generating and may help guide the design of further RCT evaluating the efficacy of LPV/RTV (and/or other antivirals) in an earlier phase of the disease. However, until such RCT will be available, we think the currently available clinical evidence is insufficient to support the use of LPV/RTV and/or other antivirals for treating COVID-19 outside the framework of RCT or compassionate-use programmes.\nThe optimal time of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids initiation still remains unknown. Although based on low-level evidence, the positive effect of virus clearance observed by Gautret et al. [41] was observed in a mixed group of non-ICU patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, non-ICU patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms and asymptomatic subjects, which overall may support a positive effect of early hydroxychloroquine initiation in non-ICU settings (although information on the exact time of treatment initiation with respect to symptoms onset was not provided). With regard to steroid treatment, there is currently no evidence of a positive impact of early initiation in non–critically ill, non-ARDS patients. Although lack of evidence is not a synonym of lack of effect, in our opinion, steroid treatment, considering also its potential detrimental effects, should currently be limited to ARDS patients or non-ARDS patients with worsening conditions (see question 5).\n\nQuestion 7 statement\nSupportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary) should be provided as soon as the patient presents with respiratory or systemic symptoms including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement. Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be initiated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza). Corticosteroids should be initiated early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain. Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients who have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients."}

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":1719,"end":1742},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":1725,"end":1742},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":1775,"end":1798},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":1781,"end":1798},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":2632,"end":2655},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":2760,"end":2764},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A51","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T51","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001557"},{"id":"A52","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T52","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065"},{"id":"A53","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T53","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001558"},{"id":"A54","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T54","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065"},{"id":"A55","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T55","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001004"},{"id":"A56","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T56","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"}],"text":"Question 7. what is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?\nMost clinical data on the timing of antiviral therapy initiation are derived from studies on viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, and it remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies in SARS-CoV-1 and influenza showed a possible favourable impact on mortality of early initiation of antiviral treatment after symptoms onset [[79], [80], [81], [82]]. With regard to SARS-CoV-2, although the results of the previously cited RCT comparing LPV/RTV versus standard of care eventually does not support the use of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19, it is also of note that the median time between symptom onset and randomization was 13 days (interquartile range, 11–16 days), so in most cases, the drug was initiated late during the course of the disease [22]. Consequently, we cannot exclude the possibility that an earlier initiation of LPV/RTV may be associated with improved prognosis. In this regard, we think the results of this RCT may be hypothesis generating and may help guide the design of further RCT evaluating the efficacy of LPV/RTV (and/or other antivirals) in an earlier phase of the disease. However, until such RCT will be available, we think the currently available clinical evidence is insufficient to support the use of LPV/RTV and/or other antivirals for treating COVID-19 outside the framework of RCT or compassionate-use programmes.\nThe optimal time of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids initiation still remains unknown. Although based on low-level evidence, the positive effect of virus clearance observed by Gautret et al. [41] was observed in a mixed group of non-ICU patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, non-ICU patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms and asymptomatic subjects, which overall may support a positive effect of early hydroxychloroquine initiation in non-ICU settings (although information on the exact time of treatment initiation with respect to symptoms onset was not provided). With regard to steroid treatment, there is currently no evidence of a positive impact of early initiation in non–critically ill, non-ARDS patients. Although lack of evidence is not a synonym of lack of effect, in our opinion, steroid treatment, considering also its potential detrimental effects, should currently be limited to ARDS patients or non-ARDS patients with worsening conditions (see question 5).\n\nQuestion 7 statement\nSupportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary) should be provided as soon as the patient presents with respiratory or systemic symptoms including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement. Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be initiated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza). Corticosteroids should be initiated early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain. Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients who have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":2682,"end":2690},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":2697,"end":2702},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":2715,"end":2720},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":3181,"end":3200},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A108","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025406"},{"id":"A109","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T109","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A110","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T110","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735"},{"id":"A111","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T111","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878"}],"text":"Question 7. what is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?\nMost clinical data on the timing of antiviral therapy initiation are derived from studies on viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, and it remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies in SARS-CoV-1 and influenza showed a possible favourable impact on mortality of early initiation of antiviral treatment after symptoms onset [[79], [80], [81], [82]]. With regard to SARS-CoV-2, although the results of the previously cited RCT comparing LPV/RTV versus standard of care eventually does not support the use of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19, it is also of note that the median time between symptom onset and randomization was 13 days (interquartile range, 11–16 days), so in most cases, the drug was initiated late during the course of the disease [22]. Consequently, we cannot exclude the possibility that an earlier initiation of LPV/RTV may be associated with improved prognosis. In this regard, we think the results of this RCT may be hypothesis generating and may help guide the design of further RCT evaluating the efficacy of LPV/RTV (and/or other antivirals) in an earlier phase of the disease. However, until such RCT will be available, we think the currently available clinical evidence is insufficient to support the use of LPV/RTV and/or other antivirals for treating COVID-19 outside the framework of RCT or compassionate-use programmes.\nThe optimal time of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids initiation still remains unknown. Although based on low-level evidence, the positive effect of virus clearance observed by Gautret et al. [41] was observed in a mixed group of non-ICU patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, non-ICU patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms and asymptomatic subjects, which overall may support a positive effect of early hydroxychloroquine initiation in non-ICU settings (although information on the exact time of treatment initiation with respect to symptoms onset was not provided). With regard to steroid treatment, there is currently no evidence of a positive impact of early initiation in non–critically ill, non-ARDS patients. Although lack of evidence is not a synonym of lack of effect, in our opinion, steroid treatment, considering also its potential detrimental effects, should currently be limited to ARDS patients or non-ARDS patients with worsening conditions (see question 5).\n\nQuestion 7 statement\nSupportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary) should be provided as soon as the patient presents with respiratory or systemic symptoms including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement. Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be initiated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza). Corticosteroids should be initiated early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain. Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients who have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T365","span":{"begin":157,"end":164},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T366","span":{"begin":317,"end":318},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T367","span":{"begin":755,"end":757},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733"},{"id":"T368","span":{"begin":848,"end":850},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507"},{"id":"T369","span":{"begin":1616,"end":1621},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T370","span":{"begin":1660,"end":1662},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794"},{"id":"T371","span":{"begin":1680,"end":1681},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T372","span":{"begin":1775,"end":1798},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001558"},{"id":"T373","span":{"begin":1861,"end":1862},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T374","span":{"begin":2120,"end":2121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T375","span":{"begin":2233,"end":2234},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T376","span":{"begin":2632,"end":2655},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001004"},{"id":"T377","span":{"begin":2760,"end":2764},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T378","span":{"begin":2760,"end":2764},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"}],"text":"Question 7. what is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?\nMost clinical data on the timing of antiviral therapy initiation are derived from studies on viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, and it remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies in SARS-CoV-1 and influenza showed a possible favourable impact on mortality of early initiation of antiviral treatment after symptoms onset [[79], [80], [81], [82]]. With regard to SARS-CoV-2, although the results of the previously cited RCT comparing LPV/RTV versus standard of care eventually does not support the use of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19, it is also of note that the median time between symptom onset and randomization was 13 days (interquartile range, 11–16 days), so in most cases, the drug was initiated late during the course of the disease [22]. Consequently, we cannot exclude the possibility that an earlier initiation of LPV/RTV may be associated with improved prognosis. In this regard, we think the results of this RCT may be hypothesis generating and may help guide the design of further RCT evaluating the efficacy of LPV/RTV (and/or other antivirals) in an earlier phase of the disease. However, until such RCT will be available, we think the currently available clinical evidence is insufficient to support the use of LPV/RTV and/or other antivirals for treating COVID-19 outside the framework of RCT or compassionate-use programmes.\nThe optimal time of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids initiation still remains unknown. Although based on low-level evidence, the positive effect of virus clearance observed by Gautret et al. [41] was observed in a mixed group of non-ICU patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, non-ICU patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms and asymptomatic subjects, which overall may support a positive effect of early hydroxychloroquine initiation in non-ICU settings (although information on the exact time of treatment initiation with respect to symptoms onset was not provided). With regard to steroid treatment, there is currently no evidence of a positive impact of early initiation in non–critically ill, non-ARDS patients. Although lack of evidence is not a synonym of lack of effect, in our opinion, steroid treatment, considering also its potential detrimental effects, should currently be limited to ARDS patients or non-ARDS patients with worsening conditions (see question 5).\n\nQuestion 7 statement\nSupportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary) should be provided as soon as the patient presents with respiratory or systemic symptoms including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement. Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be initiated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza). Corticosteroids should be initiated early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain. Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients who have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients."}

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T466","span":{"begin":0,"end":63},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T467","span":{"begin":64,"end":264},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T468","span":{"begin":265,"end":448},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T469","span":{"begin":449,"end":852},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T470","span":{"begin":853,"end":981},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T471","span":{"begin":982,"end":1201},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T472","span":{"begin":1202,"end":1449},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T473","span":{"begin":1450,"end":1554},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T474","span":{"begin":1555,"end":2051},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T475","span":{"begin":2052,"end":2199},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T476","span":{"begin":2200,"end":2458},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T477","span":{"begin":2460,"end":2480},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T478","span":{"begin":2481,"end":2777},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T479","span":{"begin":2778,"end":3049},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T480","span":{"begin":3050,"end":3322},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T481","span":{"begin":3323,"end":3706},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Question 7. what is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?\nMost clinical data on the timing of antiviral therapy initiation are derived from studies on viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, and it remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies in SARS-CoV-1 and influenza showed a possible favourable impact on mortality of early initiation of antiviral treatment after symptoms onset [[79], [80], [81], [82]]. With regard to SARS-CoV-2, although the results of the previously cited RCT comparing LPV/RTV versus standard of care eventually does not support the use of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19, it is also of note that the median time between symptom onset and randomization was 13 days (interquartile range, 11–16 days), so in most cases, the drug was initiated late during the course of the disease [22]. Consequently, we cannot exclude the possibility that an earlier initiation of LPV/RTV may be associated with improved prognosis. In this regard, we think the results of this RCT may be hypothesis generating and may help guide the design of further RCT evaluating the efficacy of LPV/RTV (and/or other antivirals) in an earlier phase of the disease. However, until such RCT will be available, we think the currently available clinical evidence is insufficient to support the use of LPV/RTV and/or other antivirals for treating COVID-19 outside the framework of RCT or compassionate-use programmes.\nThe optimal time of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids initiation still remains unknown. Although based on low-level evidence, the positive effect of virus clearance observed by Gautret et al. [41] was observed in a mixed group of non-ICU patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, non-ICU patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms and asymptomatic subjects, which overall may support a positive effect of early hydroxychloroquine initiation in non-ICU settings (although information on the exact time of treatment initiation with respect to symptoms onset was not provided). With regard to steroid treatment, there is currently no evidence of a positive impact of early initiation in non–critically ill, non-ARDS patients. Although lack of evidence is not a synonym of lack of effect, in our opinion, steroid treatment, considering also its potential detrimental effects, should currently be limited to ARDS patients or non-ARDS patients with worsening conditions (see question 5).\n\nQuestion 7 statement\nSupportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary) should be provided as soon as the patient presents with respiratory or systemic symptoms including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement. Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be initiated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza). Corticosteroids should be initiated early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain. Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients who have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients."}

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32360444-14660806-22369819","span":{"begin":425,"end":427},"obj":"14660806"},{"id":"32360444-30304487-22369820","span":{"begin":431,"end":433},"obj":"30304487"},{"id":"32360444-22843781-22369821","span":{"begin":437,"end":439},"obj":"22843781"},{"id":"32360444-24815805-22369822","span":{"begin":443,"end":445},"obj":"24815805"},{"id":"32360444-32187464-22369823","span":{"begin":848,"end":850},"obj":"32187464"}],"text":"Question 7. what is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?\nMost clinical data on the timing of antiviral therapy initiation are derived from studies on viruses other than SARS-CoV-2, and it remains unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies in SARS-CoV-1 and influenza showed a possible favourable impact on mortality of early initiation of antiviral treatment after symptoms onset [[79], [80], [81], [82]]. With regard to SARS-CoV-2, although the results of the previously cited RCT comparing LPV/RTV versus standard of care eventually does not support the use of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19, it is also of note that the median time between symptom onset and randomization was 13 days (interquartile range, 11–16 days), so in most cases, the drug was initiated late during the course of the disease [22]. Consequently, we cannot exclude the possibility that an earlier initiation of LPV/RTV may be associated with improved prognosis. In this regard, we think the results of this RCT may be hypothesis generating and may help guide the design of further RCT evaluating the efficacy of LPV/RTV (and/or other antivirals) in an earlier phase of the disease. However, until such RCT will be available, we think the currently available clinical evidence is insufficient to support the use of LPV/RTV and/or other antivirals for treating COVID-19 outside the framework of RCT or compassionate-use programmes.\nThe optimal time of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids initiation still remains unknown. Although based on low-level evidence, the positive effect of virus clearance observed by Gautret et al. [41] was observed in a mixed group of non-ICU patients with upper respiratory tract symptoms, non-ICU patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms and asymptomatic subjects, which overall may support a positive effect of early hydroxychloroquine initiation in non-ICU settings (although information on the exact time of treatment initiation with respect to symptoms onset was not provided). With regard to steroid treatment, there is currently no evidence of a positive impact of early initiation in non–critically ill, non-ARDS patients. Although lack of evidence is not a synonym of lack of effect, in our opinion, steroid treatment, considering also its potential detrimental effects, should currently be limited to ARDS patients or non-ARDS patients with worsening conditions (see question 5).\n\nQuestion 7 statement\nSupportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary) should be provided as soon as the patient presents with respiratory or systemic symptoms including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement. Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be initiated in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza). Corticosteroids should be initiated early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain. Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients who have moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients."}

PMC:7195088 / 65752-69458 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7195088 / 65752-69458 JSON TXT