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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":146,"end":153},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":761,"end":767},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A4","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116"},{"id":"A5","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":761,"end":767},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":2101,"end":2106},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341"},{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":2431,"end":2440},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":2451,"end":2456},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":2606,"end":2616},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":2618,"end":2636},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":2658,"end":2681},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":2658,"end":2667},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":2672,"end":2681},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":2698,"end":2708},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":2709,"end":2713},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A2","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A3","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145994"},{"id":"A4","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801"},{"id":"A5","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924"},{"id":"A6","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781"},{"id":"A7","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409"},{"id":"A8","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999"},{"id":"A9","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":0,"end":39},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":40,"end":262},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":263,"end":371},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":372,"end":1031},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1032,"end":1273},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1274,"end":1499},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1500,"end":1593},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1594,"end":1771},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":1772,"end":1918},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1919,"end":2020},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":2021,"end":2154},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":2155,"end":2333},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":2334,"end":2457},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":2458,"end":2725},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":2726,"end":2834},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":2835,"end":2992},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":2993,"end":3359},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":3360,"end":3535},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":749,"end":754},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":756,"end":767},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":772,"end":777},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":788,"end":798},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1702,"end":1714},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033050"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32290905-31992387-29338432","span":{"begin":259,"end":260},"obj":"31992387"},{"id":"32290905-32052846-29338433","span":{"begin":487,"end":488},"obj":"32052846"},{"id":"32290905-32097725-29338434","span":{"begin":489,"end":491},"obj":"32097725"},{"id":"32290905-32183930-29338435","span":{"begin":1495,"end":1497},"obj":"32183930"},{"id":"32290905-32182409-29338436","span":{"begin":1589,"end":1591},"obj":"32182409"},{"id":"32290905-32187458-29338437","span":{"begin":1824,"end":1826},"obj":"32187458"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

MyTest

{"project":"MyTest","denotations":[{"id":"32290905-31992387-29338432","span":{"begin":259,"end":260},"obj":"31992387"},{"id":"32290905-32052846-29338433","span":{"begin":487,"end":488},"obj":"32052846"},{"id":"32290905-32097725-29338434","span":{"begin":489,"end":491},"obj":"32097725"},{"id":"32290905-32183930-29338435","span":{"begin":1495,"end":1497},"obj":"32183930"},{"id":"32290905-32182409-29338436","span":{"begin":1589,"end":1591},"obj":"32182409"},{"id":"32290905-32187458-29338437","span":{"begin":1824,"end":1826},"obj":"32187458"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/testbase"},{"prefix":"UniProtKB","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/"},{"prefix":"uniprot","uri":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/"}],"text":"Knowledge gains and remaining questions\nThe virus causing COVID-19 was identified and announced on 7 January and by 10 January, sequences of five genomes had been shared, providing scientists around the world with a basis for development of diagnostic tests [8]. There was fast growing knowledge about several important parameters for understanding the spread of disease. A number of studies in various settings determined the basic reproductive number R0 to be within the range of 2–3 [9,10]; the incubation period was determined as ranging from 1 to 14 days with an average of 5–6 days; transmission through droplets was established as the main mode of transmission; the clinical picture that emerged included a wide range from mild symptoms with fever, sore throat and cough to severe pneumonias with characteristic features on computed tomography scans; in Hubei, China, up to 13.8% of laboratory-confirmed patients had severe disease, 6.1% were critically ill and the case fatality rate among all COVID-19 cases was 2.3% [11].\nFurther questions on topics such as the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, stability of the virus in the environment and main risk groups [12] were partly answered as the pandemic progressed. Evidence of asymptomatic transmission was documented in several settings and a study based on an outbreak on a cruise ship determined the proportion of asymptomatic infections as 17.9% (95% credible interval: 15.5–20.2) [13]. Laboratory experiments provided data on the survival of the virus on different surfaces [14]. Aside from people older than 70 years, severe and fatal cases were seen particularly in men and people with hypertension, diabetes, underlying pulmonary diseases and in smokers. Children were shown to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [15], however, the role of children in disease transmission still needs to be fully elucidated.\nThe focus of ongoing research includes determining the duration of virus shedding and infectiousness. Development of serological tests with good sensitivity and specificity for wide-scale use is necessary to assess population immunity. Serological studies have been started in several European countries to define population immunity and studies on the duration of immunity will need to be conducted in the future. Clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate treatment options with a variety of antiviral and other drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and European Union-funded projects are coordinating multi-centre adaptive trials to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir with or without interferon-beta-1a [16,17]. A number of vaccine trials are ongoing worldwide with earliest results expected within the coming 18 months.\nA number of questions and challenges that arose in the COVID-19 pandemic appear similar to those experienced during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. However, information sharing by scientists was faster in 2020, also facilitated by international organisations, widespread social media use and policies of a number of scientific journals, including Eurosurveillance, that enabled fast-tracking of peer-reviewed articles, publishing of articles already deposited in pre-print servers, and making articles open access. In particular, the global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) has allowed organisations like nextstrain.org to collectively perform analysis in almost real time."}

PMC:7160442 / 4446-7981 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7160442 / 4446-7981 JSON TXT