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PMC:7152911 / 59810-72704 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1363 1331-1339 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1379 5312-5321 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1380 5142-5151 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1381 4912-4914 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1382 4771-4773 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1383 4746-4748 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1384 4693-4700 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1385 4852-4859 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1386 4988-5009 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1387 5010-5014 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1388 5018-5025 Species denotes chicken Tax:9031
1389 5223-5245 Species denotes Cryptosporidium parvum Tax:5807
1390 5247-5256 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1391 4635-4642 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1392 4827-4834 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1393 3563-3571 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1397 6705-6712 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1398 6942-6955 Chemical denotes oligopeptides MESH:D009842
1399 7047-7060 Disease denotes breast cancer MESH:D001943
1401 7098-7114 Chemical denotes Oligosaccharides MESH:D009844
1411 7479-7502 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1412 7504-7508 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1413 7115-7129 Chemical denotes Trisaccharides MESH:D014312
1414 7134-7147 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
1415 7174-7186 Chemical denotes carbohydrate MESH:D002241
1416 7226-7239 Chemical denotes trisaccharide MESH:D014312
1417 7436-7449 Chemical denotes trisaccharide MESH:D014312
1418 7540-7553 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
1419 7628-7640 Chemical denotes carbohydrate MESH:D002241
1421 7772-7788 Chemical denotes Oligonucleotides MESH:D009841
1425 9079-9088 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1426 8082-8098 Chemical denotes oligonucleotides MESH:D009841
1427 8484-8499 Chemical denotes oligonucleotide MESH:D009841
1437 10691-10693 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1438 9881-9894 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
1439 10009-10016 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1440 10205-10212 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1441 10549-10562 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
1442 10645-10655 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
1443 10303-10308 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1444 10599-10601 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1445 10812-10817 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1448 11491-11495 Disease denotes CIPs
1449 11539-11543 Disease denotes CIPs
1462 11891-11898 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1463 12045-12071 Species denotes Staphylococcus epidermidis Tax:1282
1464 12073-12087 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
1465 11770-11782 Chemical denotes organosilica
1466 11822-11856 Chemical denotes (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane MESH:C102833
1467 11858-11862 Chemical denotes MPTS MESH:C102833
1468 11990-12021 Chemical denotes poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid)
1469 11791-11817 Disease denotes films of tetraethoxysilane
1470 12187-12191 Disease denotes CIPs
1471 12370-12374 Disease denotes CIPs
1472 12630-12634 Disease denotes CIPs
1473 12683-12687 Disease denotes CIPs

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T121 667-672 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T122 678-685 Body_part denotes tissues http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T123 1470-1480 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T124 1485-1493 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T125 1504-1514 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T126 1519-1527 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T127 1677-1685 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T128 1981-1991 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T129 2142-2152 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T130 2430-2438 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T131 3518-3532 Body_part denotes immunoglobulin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T132 3533-3541 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T133 3551-3556 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T134 3909-3917 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T135 5275-5280 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T136 5348-5356 Body_part denotes Antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T137 5613-5621 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T138 6034-6046 Body_part denotes Carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T139 6055-6063 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T140 6064-6076 Body_part denotes Carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T141 6085-6093 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T142 6571-6579 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T143 6611-6616 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T144 7047-7053 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9601
T145 7061-7066 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T146 7098-7114 Body_part denotes Oligosaccharides http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82742
T147 7134-7147 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T148 7174-7186 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T149 7540-7553 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T150 7628-7640 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T151 7641-7648 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T152 7805-7808 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T153 7945-7948 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T154 8908-8911 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T155 9596-9604 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T156 10571-10584 Body_part denotes peptidoglycan http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82783
T157 10664-10668 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T158 10919-10923 Body_part denotes Cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T159 11449-11453 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T11 3551-3556 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T12 7047-7053 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310
T13 9585-9589 Body_part denotes tail http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002415
T14 10664-10668 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T63 1882-1892 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T64 4988-5003 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T65 4994-5003 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T66 7047-7060 Disease denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007254
T67 7054-7060 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T68 7485-7494 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T413 161-162 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T414 176-177 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T415 178-184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T416 612-613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T417 667-672 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T418 862-868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T419 1103-1112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organized
T420 1177-1185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptides
T421 1866-1867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T422 2060-2061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T423 2160-2167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T424 2254-2259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T425 2273-2278 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T426 2439-2447 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T427 2548-2549 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T428 2573-2578 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T429 2630-2633 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T430 2731-2735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T431 2759-2760 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T432 2776-2781 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T433 3117-3126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0036932 denotes hybridoma
T434 3247-3248 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T435 3355-3356 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T436 3551-3556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T437 3551-3556 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T438 3654-3655 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T439 4406-4414 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T440 4646-4647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T441 4708-4709 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T442 4754-4755 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T443 4891-4892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T444 5004-5009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T445 5018-5025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9031 denotes chicken
T446 5039-5040 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T447 5150-5156 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T448 5169-5170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T449 5263-5264 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T450 5275-5280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T451 5320-5326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T452 6252-6259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes Peptide
T453 6599-6606 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T454 6611-6616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T455 6651-6652 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T456 6667-6670 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T457 7047-7053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310 denotes breast
T458 7061-7066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T459 7376-7377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T460 7479-7484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T461 7495-7496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T462 7497-7502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T463 7820-7821 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T464 7916-7917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T465 8244-8245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T466 8281-8282 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T467 8469-8470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T468 8672-8673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T469 8840-8841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T470 8899-8900 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T471 8934-8935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T472 9197-9200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T473 9509-9516 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T474 9546-9554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T475 9585-9589 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002415 denotes tail
T476 9868-9869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T477 10383-10384 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T478 10674-10675 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T479 10919-10923 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes Cell
T480 11342-11345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9596 denotes Pan
T481 11353-11357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T482 11449-11453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T483 11532-11536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T484 11606-11614 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T485 11702-11705 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9596 denotes Pan
T486 11713-11717 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T487 12134-12135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T8714 636-650 Chemical denotes macromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T82184 1085-1099 Chemical denotes macromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T43 1177-1185 Chemical denotes peptides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T43840 1302-1319 Chemical denotes biomacromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33694
T45 1331-1339 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T62334 1920-1924 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T48 2043-2051 Chemical denotes antigens http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T62779 2085-2092 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T2780 2112-2119 Chemical denotes epitope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000
T5133 2254-2259 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T37986 2273-2278 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T98324 2366-2374 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T33842 2491-2498 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T16181 2573-2578 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T21390 2776-2781 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T9692 3256-3263 Chemical denotes epitope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000
T58 3533-3541 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T18587 3663-3670 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T60 4933-4936 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T82620 5110-5113 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T96787 5128-5140 Chemical denotes ferrocyanide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5032
T63 5142-5144 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T50019 5177-5182 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T26443 5184-5187 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T65271 5312-5314 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T22889 6055-6063 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T68 6085-6093 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T69 6225-6232 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T84319 6252-6259 Chemical denotes Peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T31243 6571-6579 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T64538 6942-6955 Chemical denotes oligopeptides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25676
T30093 7134-7147 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T34862 7174-7186 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T13773 7226-7239 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T52864 7240-7247 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T44200 7436-7449 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T70626 7450-7457 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T79 7540-7553 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T58945 7628-7640 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T81 7641-7648 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T83556 7789-7808 Chemical denotes Single-stranded DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T94086 7805-7808 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T14585 7810-7815 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T20829 7890-7895 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T89112 7945-7948 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T93354 7963-7968 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T35047 7969-7977 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T63521 8082-8098 Chemical denotes oligonucleotides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7754
T41981 8126-8135 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T62122 8339-8346 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T9235 8484-8499 Chemical denotes oligonucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7754
T54261 8556-8564 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T49855 8794-8801 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T32746 8908-8911 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T99337 9039-9046 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T97 9161-9169 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T86290 9314-9321 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T44669 9596-9604 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T56913 10026-10028 Chemical denotes T4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18332|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75602
T5510 10303-10308 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T53479 10459-10462 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T8615 10571-10584 Chemical denotes peptidoglycan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8005
T105 10599-10601 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T43880 10812-10817 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T66902 10951-10959 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T37286 11071-11079 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T54658 11481-11489 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T67116 12016-12020 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T50783 12761-12769 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T13152 64-76 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T34150 4003-4010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T85365 6357-6366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes synthesis
T28 9333-9344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T29 12438-12450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T30 12478-12490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T9 7047-7060 Phenotype denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003002

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T477 0-28 Sentence denotes 2.2 Biorecognition elements
T478 29-154 Sentence denotes The previous section discussed the transduction elements associated with pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T479 155-411 Sentence denotes Given a biosensor is a device composed of integrated transducer and biorecognition elements, we next discuss the biorecognition elements used for selective detection of pathogens and corresponding immobilization techniques for their coupling to electrodes.
T480 412-523 Sentence denotes Biorecognition elements for electrochemical biosensors can be defined as (1) biocatalytic or (2) biocomplexing.
T481 524-651 Sentence denotes In the case of biocatalytic biorecognition elements, the biosensor response is based on a reaction catalyzed by macromolecules.
T482 652-749 Sentence denotes Enzymes, whole cells, and tissues are the most commonly used biocatalytic biorecognition element.
T483 750-962 Sentence denotes While enzyzmes provide biorecognition elements in various chemical sensing applications, they are often used as labels for pathogen detection applications and most commonly introduced via secondary binding steps.
T484 963-1134 Sentence denotes In the case of biocomplexing biorecognition elements, the biosensor response is based on the interaction of analytes with macromolecules or organized molecular assemblies.
T485 1135-1286 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, antibodies, peptides, and phages are the most commonly used biocomplexing biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T486 1287-1461 Sentence denotes In addition to biomacromolecules, imprinted polymers have also been examined as biocomplexing biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T487 1463-1503 Sentence denotes 2.2.1 Antibodies and antibody fragments
T488 1504-1655 Sentence denotes Antibodies and antibody fragments are among the most commonly utilized biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T489 1656-1758 Sentence denotes Biosensors employing antibody-based biorecognition elements are commonly referred to as immunosensors.
T490 1759-1980 Sentence denotes Given antibodies exhibit high selectivity and binding affinity for target species and can be generated for a wide range of infectious agents, antibodies are the gold-standard biorecognition element for pathogen detection.
T491 1981-2134 Sentence denotes Antibodies contain recognition sites that selectively bind to antigens through a specific region of the antigen, referred to as an epitope (Patris et al.
T492 2135-2141 Sentence denotes 2016).
T493 2142-2266 Sentence denotes Antibodies can be labeled with fluorescent or enzymatic tags, which leads to the designation of the approach as label-based.
T494 2267-2422 Sentence denotes While label-based approaches present measurement constraints associated with the use of additional reagents and processing steps (Cooper, 2009; Sang et al.
T495 2423-2547 Sentence denotes 2016), antibody labeling may also alter the binding affinity to the antigen, which could affect the biosensor's selectivity.
T496 2548-2671 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of label-based biosensing approaches for pathogen detection has been reported elsewhere (Ahmed et al.
T497 2672-2730 Sentence denotes 2014; Alahi and Mukhopadhyay, 2017; Bozal-Palabiyik et al.
T498 2731-2751 Sentence denotes 2018; Leonard et al.
T499 2752-2758 Sentence denotes 2003).
T500 2759-2888 Sentence denotes A list of recent label-based approaches for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors, however, is provided in Table 2.
T501 2889-2995 Sentence denotes While both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies enable the selective detection of pathogens (Patris et al.
T502 2996-3078 Sentence denotes 2016), they vary in terms of production method, selectivity, and binding affinity.
T503 3079-3185 Sentence denotes Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma technology (Birch and Racher, 2006; James and Bell, 1987).
T504 3186-3313 Sentence denotes Thus, monoclonal antibodies are highly selective and bind to a single epitope, making them less vulnerable to cross-reactivity.
T505 3314-3465 Sentence denotes While monoclonal antibodies tend to have a higher degree of selectivity, they are more expensive and take longer to develop than polyclonal antibodies.
T506 3466-3602 Sentence denotes Polyclonal antibodies are produced by separation of immunoglobulin proteins from the blood of an infected host (Birch and Racher, 2006).
T507 3603-3671 Sentence denotes Polyclonal antibodies target different epitopes on a single antigen.
T508 3672-3888 Sentence denotes While polyclonal antibodies exhibit increased variability between batches, they are relatively less expensive to produce than monoclonal antibodies and facilitate robust measurements in various settings (Byrne et al.
T509 3889-3895 Sentence denotes 2009).
T510 3896-4011 Sentence denotes Drawbacks to antibody use include high cost and stability challenges, such as the need for low-temperature storage.
T511 4012-4143 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T512 4144-4415 Sentence denotes For assays involving secondary binding steps, monoclonal antibodies typically serve as the primary biorecognition element and are immobilized on the electrode, while polyclonal antibodies serve as the secondary biorecognition element and often facilitate target labeling.
T513 4416-4579 Sentence denotes For assays that do not require secondary binding steps, polyclonal antibodies are also commonly used as immobilized biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T514 4580-4788 Sentence denotes For example, Pandey et al. immobilized monoclonal anti-E. coli on a composite nanostructured electrode to detect E. coli across a wide dynamic range of 10 to 108 CFU/mL with a LOD of 3.8 CFU/mL (Pandey et al.
T515 4789-4795 Sentence denotes 2017).
T516 4796-4925 Sentence denotes Wu et al. used polyclonal anti-E. coli for detection of E. coli via amperometry that exhibited a LOD of 5 × 103 CFU/mL (Wu et al.
T517 4926-4932 Sentence denotes 2016).
T518 4933-5194 Sentence denotes Lin et al. used monoclonal antibodies for detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 in chicken swabs across a dynamic range of 2- 1 to 24 hemagglutination units (HAU)/50 μL using EIS and the ferri/ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)6 3 - /4-) couple as a redox probe (Lin et al.
T519 5195-5201 Sentence denotes 2015).
T520 5202-5340 Sentence denotes Luka et al. detected Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) with a LOD of 40 cells/mm2 via capacitive sensing and Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- (Luka et al.
T521 5341-5347 Sentence denotes 2019).
T522 5348-5594 Sentence denotes Antibody fragments, such as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), offer selectivity similar to antibodies, but they have the advantage of achieving relatively higher packing densities on electrode surfaces due to their relatively smaller size.
T523 5595-5866 Sentence denotes For example, half-antibody fragments have been shown to improve biosensor sensitivity without the loss of selectivity, which warrants further investigation of reduced antibodies as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection applications (Sharma and Mutharasan, 2013).
T524 5867-6018 Sentence denotes In addition to scFvs, Fabs, re-engineered IgGs, and dimers can also potentially be used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection (Byrne et al.
T525 6019-6025 Sentence denotes 2009).
T526 6027-6063 Sentence denotes 2.2.2 Carbohydrate-binding proteins
T527 6064-6251 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as lectins, also provide selective biorecognition elements for pathogen detection based on their ability to selectively bind ligands on target species.
T528 6252-6421 Sentence denotes Peptide-based biorecognition elements are relatively low-cost, can be produced with high yield automated synthesis processes, and are modifiable (Pavan and Berti, 2012).
T529 6422-6630 Sentence denotes For example, lectins have been investigated as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection through their ability to selectively bind glycosylated proteins on the surfaces of viruses and cells (Reina et al.
T530 6631-6637 Sentence denotes 2008).
T531 6638-6751 Sentence denotes Concanavalin A (ConA) lectin has been extensively investigated for E. coli detection (see Table 1) (Jantra et al.
T532 6752-6772 Sentence denotes 2011; Saucedo et al.
T533 6773-6788 Sentence denotes 2019; Xi et al.
T534 6789-6806 Sentence denotes 2011; Yang et al.
T535 6807-6814 Sentence denotes 2016b).
T536 6815-7082 Sentence denotes While not yet widely investigated for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors, Etayash et al. recently showed that oligopeptides also provide attractive biorecognition elements for real-time biosensor-based detection of breast cancer cells (Etayash et al.
T537 7083-7089 Sentence denotes 2015).
T538 7091-7114 Sentence denotes 2.2.3 Oligosaccharides
T539 7115-7219 Sentence denotes Trisaccharides are carbohydrates that can selectively bind carbohydrate-specific receptors on pathogens.
T540 7220-7346 Sentence denotes Thus, trisaccharide ligands have been used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T541 7347-7521 Sentence denotes For example, Hai et al. used a hybrid E-QCM biosensor coated with hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligands for the detection of human influenza A virus (H1N1) (Hai et al.
T542 7522-7528 Sentence denotes 2017).
T543 7529-7756 Sentence denotes The use of carbohydrates as biorecognition elements is limited in part due to the weak affinity of carbohydrate-protein interactions and low selectivity, which are currently mitigated through secondary interactions (Zeng et al.
T544 7757-7763 Sentence denotes 2012).
T545 7765-7788 Sentence denotes 2.2.4 Oligonucleotides
T546 7789-7883 Sentence denotes Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is a useful biorecognition element for the detection of pathogens.
T547 7884-8052 Sentence denotes While ssDNA is commonly used as a biorecognition element for DNA-based assays, ssDNA aptamers are commonly used for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T548 8053-8185 Sentence denotes Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of binding various molecules with high affinity and selectivity (Lakhin et al.
T549 8186-8209 Sentence denotes 2013; Reverdatto et al.
T550 8210-8216 Sentence denotes 2015).
T551 8217-8413 Sentence denotes Aptamers are isolated from a large random sequence pool through a selection process that utilizes systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, also known as SELEX (Stoltenburg et al.
T552 8414-8420 Sentence denotes 2007).
T553 8421-8549 Sentence denotes Suitable binding sequences can be isolated from a large random oligonucleotide sequence pool and subsequently amplified for use.
T554 8550-8631 Sentence denotes Thus, aptamers can exhibit high selectivity to target species (Stoltenburg et al.
T555 8632-8638 Sentence denotes 2007).
T556 8639-8746 Sentence denotes Aptamers can also be produced at a lower cost than alternative biorecognition elements, such as antibodies.
T557 8747-8974 Sentence denotes Giamberardino et al. used SELEX to discover an aptamer for norovirus detection, which showed a million-fold higher binding affinity for the target than a random DNA strand that served as a negative control (Giamberardino et al.
T558 8975-8981 Sentence denotes 2013).
T559 8982-9133 Sentence denotes Iqbal et al. performed 10 rounds of SELEX to discover 14 aptamer clones with high affinities for C. parvum for detection in fruit samples (Iqbal et al.
T560 9134-9140 Sentence denotes 2015).
T561 9141-9438 Sentence denotes However, the use of aptamers as biorecognition elements has not yet replaced traditional biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, because of several challenges, such as aptamer stability, degradation, cross-reactivity, and reproducibility using alternative processing approaches (Lakhin et al.
T562 9439-9445 Sentence denotes 2013).
T563 9447-9460 Sentence denotes 2.2.5 Phages
T564 9461-9616 Sentence denotes Phages, also referred to as bacteriophages, are viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria through selective binding via tail-spike proteins (Haq et al.
T565 9617-9623 Sentence denotes 2012).
T566 9624-9769 Sentence denotes Thus, they have been examined as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors (Kutter and Sulakvelidze, 2004).
T567 9770-9867 Sentence denotes Bacteriophages exhibit varying morphologies and are thus classified by selectivity and structure.
T568 9868-9975 Sentence denotes A variety of bacteriophage-based electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection can be found in Table 1.
T569 9976-10104 Sentence denotes For example, Shabani et al. used E. coli-specific T4 bacteriophages for selective impedimetric detection studies (Shabani et al.
T570 10105-10111 Sentence denotes 2008).
T571 10112-10236 Sentence denotes Mejri et al. compared the use of bacteriophages to antibodies as biorecognition elements for E. coli detection (Mejri et al.
T572 10237-10243 Sentence denotes 2010).
T573 10244-10489 Sentence denotes In that study, they found that bacteriophages improved the water stability of the biosensor and increased the sensitivity by approximately a factor of four relative to the response obtained with antibodies based on EIS measurements (Mejri et al.
T574 10490-10496 Sentence denotes 2010).
T575 10497-10707 Sentence denotes In another study, Tolba et al. utilized immobilized bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases on Au screen-printed electrodes for detection of L. innocua in pure milk with a LOD of 105 CFU/mL (Tolba et al.
T576 10708-10714 Sentence denotes 2012).
T577 10715-10910 Sentence denotes These results suggest that bacteriophages are potentially attractive biorecognition elements for water safety and environmental monitoring applications that require chronic monitoring of liquids.
T578 10912-10959 Sentence denotes 2.2.6 Cell- and molecularly-imprinted polymers
T579 10960-11352 Sentence denotes Given traditional biorecognition elements used in biosensing exhibit stability concerns, such as antibodies or aptamers, as discussed in Sections 2.2.1–2.2.4, there have been efforts to create engineered molecular biorecognition elements, such as scFvs. In contrast, materials-based biorecognition elements exploit the principle of target-specific morphology for selective capture (Pan et al.
T580 11353-11370 Sentence denotes 2018; Zhou et al.
T581 11371-11377 Sentence denotes 2019).
T582 11378-11531 Sentence denotes The most common approach in materials-based biorecognition is based on cell- and molecularly-imprinted polymers (CIPs and MIPs, respectively) (Gui et al.
T583 11532-11538 Sentence denotes 2018).
T584 11539-11694 Sentence denotes CIPs and MIPs have been created using various processes, including bacteria-mediated lithography, micro-contact stamping, and colloid imprints (Chen et al.
T585 11695-11712 Sentence denotes 2016a; Pan et al.
T586 11713-11719 Sentence denotes 2018).
T587 11720-11942 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 3b, Jafari et al. used imprinted organosilica sol-gel films of tetraethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) for selective detection of E. coli using an impedimetric method (Jafari et al.
T588 11943-11949 Sentence denotes 2019).
T589 11950-12103 Sentence denotes Similarly, Golabi et al. used imprinted poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) films for detection of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (Golabi et al.
T590 12104-12110 Sentence denotes 2017).
T591 12111-12317 Sentence denotes Despite the absence of a highly selective molecular biorecognition element, CIPs and MIPs exhibit selectivity when exposed to samples that contain multiple analytes (i.e., non-target species) (Golabi et al.
T592 12318-12337 Sentence denotes 2017; Jafari et al.
T593 12338-12353 Sentence denotes 2019; Qi et al.
T594 12354-12360 Sentence denotes 2013).
T595 12361-12451 Sentence denotes MIPs and CIPs are also of interest with regard to opportunities in biosensor regeneration.
T596 12452-12635 Sentence denotes Common adverse effects of regeneration on biosensors that employ molecular biorecognition elements, such as irreversible changes in structure, are less likely to affect MIPs and CIPs.
T597 12636-12835 Sentence denotes However, it is generally accepted that current CIPs and MIPs exhibit lower selectivity to target species than antibodies and aptamers due to reduction of available chemical selectivity (Cheong et al.
T598 12836-12887 Sentence denotes 2013; Kryscio and Peppas, 2012; Yáñez-Sedeño et al.
T599 12888-12894 Sentence denotes 2017).

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32364936-25608959-7713070 2423-2427 25608959 denotes 2016
32364936-24982325-7713071 2672-2676 24982325 denotes 2014
32364936-16822577-7713072 3157-3161 16822577 denotes 2006
32364936-3298441-7713073 3179-3183 3298441 denotes 1987
32364936-16822577-7713074 3596-3600 16822577 denotes 2006
32364936-22408533-7713075 3889-3893 22408533 denotes 2009
32364936-25263315-7713076 5195-5199 25263315 denotes 2015
32364936-23356211-7713077 5860-5864 23356211 denotes 2013
32364936-22408533-7713078 6019-6023 22408533 denotes 2009
32364936-22169951-7713079 6415-6419 22169951 denotes 2012
32364936-18633532-7713080 6631-6635 18633532 denotes 2008
32364936-26434765-7713081 7083-7087 26434765 denotes 2015
32364936-22200920-7713082 7757-7761 22200920 denotes 2012
32364936-24455181-7713083 8186-8190 24455181 denotes 2013
32364936-25866267-7713084 8210-8214 25866267 denotes 2015
32364936-17627883-7713085 8414-8418 17627883 denotes 2007
32364936-17627883-7713086 8632-8636 17627883 denotes 2007
32364936-24455181-7713087 9439-9443 24455181 denotes 2013
32364936-19072262-7713088 10105-10109 19072262 denotes 2008
32364936-20673624-7713089 10237-10241 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-20673624-7713090 10490-10494 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-23085745-7713091 10708-10712 23085745 denotes 2012
32364936-29876564-7713092 11353-11357 29876564 denotes 2018
32364936-28863325-7713093 11532-11536 28863325 denotes 2018
32364936-29876564-7713095 11713-11717 29876564 denotes 2018
32364936-27751788-7713096 12104-12108 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-27751788-7713097 12318-12322 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-22917919-7713098 12354-12358 22917919 denotes 2013
32364936-22100344-7713099 12862-12866 22100344 denotes 2012
32364936-28193351-7713100 12888-12892 28193351 denotes 2017