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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":1122,"end":1130},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1404,"end":1412},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1500,"end":1508},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1648,"end":1655},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1812,"end":1819},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":2410,"end":2417},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A6","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A7","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A8","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"},{"id":"A9","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"},{"id":"A10","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743"}],"text":"Here, we classify assays that use secondary binding steps as labeled approaches in Table 1, Table 2 regardless of if the primary binding step produced a response. There is, however, a more subtle distinction if binding of the secondary species is used for amplification or verification purposes as previously discussed. Labels often include a biorecognition element-enzyme or -nanoparticle conjugate. In electrochemical biosensing applications, such labels often serve the purpose of altering the material properties or transport processes of the electrode-electrolyte interface, often by inducing a secondary reaction. Secondary binding of optically-active nanomaterials to captured targets can also enable the use of optical transducers for simultaneous detection or bioanalysis. Enzymes are among the most commonly used secondary binding species for label-based pathogen detection. As shown in Table 2, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that employ enzymes are commonly performed as a sandwich assay format. A schematic of secondary binding steps for biosensor amplification based on the binding of HRP-antibody conjugates is shown in Fig. 6 a (Kokkinos et al. 2016). Hong et al. used HRP-labeled secondary antibodies to amplify the CV and EIS responses of a concanavalin A-functionalized nanostructured Au electrode to detect norovirus (Hong et al. 2015). Gayathri et al. used an HRP-antibody conjugate to induce an enzyme-assisted reduction reaction with an immobilized thionine-antibody receptor in an H2O2 system for detection of E. coli down to 50 CFU/mL using a sandwich assay format (Gayathri et al. 2016). Xu et al. used glucose oxidase and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium to functionalize magnetic bead labels for separation and detection of S. typhimurium on an Au IDAM using EIS and glucose to catalyze the reaction that exhibited a linear working range of 102 to 106 CFU/mL (Xu et al. 2016b).\nFig. 6 Highlight of secondary binding and signal amplification approaches utilized in electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection. a) Four amplification approaches associated with the secondary binding of enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies: (A) electron transfer mediation; (B) nanostructuring of surface for increased rate of charge transfer kinetics; (C) conversion of electrochemically inactive substrate into a detectable electroactive product; (D) catalysis of oxidation of glucose for production of hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical detection (Kokkinos et al. 2016). b) Signal amplification via non-selective binding of AuNPs to bound bacterial target (E. coli) (Wan et al. 2016)."}

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":520,"end":529},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":2176,"end":2193},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904"}],"text":"Here, we classify assays that use secondary binding steps as labeled approaches in Table 1, Table 2 regardless of if the primary binding step produced a response. There is, however, a more subtle distinction if binding of the secondary species is used for amplification or verification purposes as previously discussed. Labels often include a biorecognition element-enzyme or -nanoparticle conjugate. In electrochemical biosensing applications, such labels often serve the purpose of altering the material properties or transport processes of the electrode-electrolyte interface, often by inducing a secondary reaction. Secondary binding of optically-active nanomaterials to captured targets can also enable the use of optical transducers for simultaneous detection or bioanalysis. Enzymes are among the most commonly used secondary binding species for label-based pathogen detection. As shown in Table 2, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that employ enzymes are commonly performed as a sandwich assay format. A schematic of secondary binding steps for biosensor amplification based on the binding of HRP-antibody conjugates is shown in Fig. 6 a (Kokkinos et al. 2016). Hong et al. used HRP-labeled secondary antibodies to amplify the CV and EIS responses of a concanavalin A-functionalized nanostructured Au electrode to detect norovirus (Hong et al. 2015). Gayathri et al. used an HRP-antibody conjugate to induce an enzyme-assisted reduction reaction with an immobilized thionine-antibody receptor in an H2O2 system for detection of E. coli down to 50 CFU/mL using a sandwich assay format (Gayathri et al. 2016). Xu et al. used glucose oxidase and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium to functionalize magnetic bead labels for separation and detection of S. typhimurium on an Au IDAM using EIS and glucose to catalyze the reaction that exhibited a linear working range of 102 to 106 CFU/mL (Xu et al. 2016b).\nFig. 6 Highlight of secondary binding and signal amplification approaches utilized in electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection. a) Four amplification approaches associated with the secondary binding of enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies: (A) electron transfer mediation; (B) nanostructuring of surface for increased rate of charge transfer kinetics; (C) conversion of electrochemically inactive substrate into a detectable electroactive product; (D) catalysis of oxidation of glucose for production of hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical detection (Kokkinos et al. 2016). b) Signal amplification via non-selective binding of AuNPs to bound bacterial target (E. coli) (Wan et al. 2016)."}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T891","span":{"begin":0,"end":162},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T892","span":{"begin":163,"end":319},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T893","span":{"begin":320,"end":400},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T894","span":{"begin":401,"end":619},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T895","span":{"begin":620,"end":781},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T896","span":{"begin":782,"end":884},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T897","span":{"begin":885,"end":1026},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T898","span":{"begin":1027,"end":1179},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T899","span":{"begin":1180,"end":1186},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T900","span":{"begin":1187,"end":1368},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T901","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1375},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T902","span":{"begin":1376,"end":1625},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T903","span":{"begin":1626,"end":1632},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T904","span":{"begin":1633,"end":1914},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T905","span":{"begin":1915,"end":1922},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T906","span":{"begin":1923,"end":2500},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T907","span":{"begin":2501,"end":2614},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T908","span":{"begin":2615,"end":2621},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Here, we classify assays that use secondary binding steps as labeled approaches in Table 1, Table 2 regardless of if the primary binding step produced a response. There is, however, a more subtle distinction if binding of the secondary species is used for amplification or verification purposes as previously discussed. Labels often include a biorecognition element-enzyme or -nanoparticle conjugate. In electrochemical biosensing applications, such labels often serve the purpose of altering the material properties or transport processes of the electrode-electrolyte interface, often by inducing a secondary reaction. Secondary binding of optically-active nanomaterials to captured targets can also enable the use of optical transducers for simultaneous detection or bioanalysis. Enzymes are among the most commonly used secondary binding species for label-based pathogen detection. As shown in Table 2, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that employ enzymes are commonly performed as a sandwich assay format. A schematic of secondary binding steps for biosensor amplification based on the binding of HRP-antibody conjugates is shown in Fig. 6 a (Kokkinos et al. 2016). Hong et al. used HRP-labeled secondary antibodies to amplify the CV and EIS responses of a concanavalin A-functionalized nanostructured Au electrode to detect norovirus (Hong et al. 2015). Gayathri et al. used an HRP-antibody conjugate to induce an enzyme-assisted reduction reaction with an immobilized thionine-antibody receptor in an H2O2 system for detection of E. coli down to 50 CFU/mL using a sandwich assay format (Gayathri et al. 2016). Xu et al. used glucose oxidase and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium to functionalize magnetic bead labels for separation and detection of S. typhimurium on an Au IDAM using EIS and glucose to catalyze the reaction that exhibited a linear working range of 102 to 106 CFU/mL (Xu et al. 2016b).\nFig. 6 Highlight of secondary binding and signal amplification approaches utilized in electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection. a) Four amplification approaches associated with the secondary binding of enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies: (A) electron transfer mediation; (B) nanostructuring of surface for increased rate of charge transfer kinetics; (C) conversion of electrochemically inactive substrate into a detectable electroactive product; (D) catalysis of oxidation of glucose for production of hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical detection (Kokkinos et al. 2016). b) Signal amplification via non-selective binding of AuNPs to bound bacterial target (E. coli) (Wan et al. 2016)."}

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32364936-25254625-7713148","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1373},"obj":"25254625"},{"id":"32364936-27040944-7713149","span":{"begin":1626,"end":1630},"obj":"27040944"},{"id":"32364936-26796138-7713151","span":{"begin":2615,"end":2619},"obj":"26796138"}],"text":"Here, we classify assays that use secondary binding steps as labeled approaches in Table 1, Table 2 regardless of if the primary binding step produced a response. There is, however, a more subtle distinction if binding of the secondary species is used for amplification or verification purposes as previously discussed. Labels often include a biorecognition element-enzyme or -nanoparticle conjugate. In electrochemical biosensing applications, such labels often serve the purpose of altering the material properties or transport processes of the electrode-electrolyte interface, often by inducing a secondary reaction. Secondary binding of optically-active nanomaterials to captured targets can also enable the use of optical transducers for simultaneous detection or bioanalysis. Enzymes are among the most commonly used secondary binding species for label-based pathogen detection. As shown in Table 2, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that employ enzymes are commonly performed as a sandwich assay format. A schematic of secondary binding steps for biosensor amplification based on the binding of HRP-antibody conjugates is shown in Fig. 6 a (Kokkinos et al. 2016). Hong et al. used HRP-labeled secondary antibodies to amplify the CV and EIS responses of a concanavalin A-functionalized nanostructured Au electrode to detect norovirus (Hong et al. 2015). Gayathri et al. used an HRP-antibody conjugate to induce an enzyme-assisted reduction reaction with an immobilized thionine-antibody receptor in an H2O2 system for detection of E. coli down to 50 CFU/mL using a sandwich assay format (Gayathri et al. 2016). Xu et al. used glucose oxidase and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium to functionalize magnetic bead labels for separation and detection of S. typhimurium on an Au IDAM using EIS and glucose to catalyze the reaction that exhibited a linear working range of 102 to 106 CFU/mL (Xu et al. 2016b).\nFig. 6 Highlight of secondary binding and signal amplification approaches utilized in electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection. a) Four amplification approaches associated with the secondary binding of enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies: (A) electron transfer mediation; (B) nanostructuring of surface for increased rate of charge transfer kinetics; (C) conversion of electrochemically inactive substrate into a detectable electroactive product; (D) catalysis of oxidation of glucose for production of hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical detection (Kokkinos et al. 2016). b) Signal amplification via non-selective binding of AuNPs to bound bacterial target (E. coli) (Wan et al. 2016)."}