| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T36 |
0-66 |
Sentence |
denotes |
With respect to heat supply, different methods have been employed. |
| T37 |
67-179 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Almassian et al. give a comprehensive overview of different possible heating methods in their review paper [12]. |
| T38 |
180-329 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Not all of the mentioned methods are easy to implement in low-cost and portable lab-on-a-chip devices due to their bulkiness or implementation costs. |
| T39 |
330-439 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Examples of these rather difficult methods are using heating via induction, infrared, or microwave radiation. |
| T40 |
440-567 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Others are not useful due ot their challenging temperature control, like with heating up the system using exothermic reactions. |
| T41 |
568-651 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Within the field of DNA amplification, different mechanisms of amplification exist. |
| T42 |
652-737 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Some are based on thermo cycling processes, e.g., PCR, whereas others are isothermal. |
| T43 |
738-825 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The use of an isothermal amplification technique puts less requirements on the heaters. |
| T44 |
826-1019 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Isothermal processes are either truly isothermal or consisting of three different temperatures, as they have a thermal denaturation step before and a termination step after the elongation step. |
| T45 |
1020-1169 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The switching between these temperature steps does not have to be as fast as with thermal cycling steps in, for example, PCR amplification reactions. |
| T46 |
1170-1302 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The use of less temperature variations makes it easier to maintain the set temperature as there is less heating an cooling involved. |
| T47 |
1303-1427 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Furthermore, it eliminates the use of a continuous flow approach in systems with low thermal conductivities, e.g., polymers. |
| T48 |
1428-1502 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, it is easier to implement within lab-on-a-chip devices [17,21]. |
| T49 |
1503-1660 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Isothermal DNA amplification reactions can already be performed by putting the chip on a commercially available hotplate [22,23] or Peltier elements [24,25]. |
| T50 |
1661-1722 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, these heating systems are bulky and power-consuming. |
| T51 |
1723-1810 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Therefore, they are not useful for portable equipment or operation at remote locations. |
| T52 |
1811-1876 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Miniaturizing heaters lowers the bulkiness and power consumption. |
| T53 |
1877-2065 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Miniaturized heaters can be integrated as integrated resistive heaters, e.g., as deposited thin-film metal [26,27,28,29] or as laminated Cu foil [30], or as micro-Peltier elements [31,32]. |
| T54 |
2066-2245 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These miniaturized heaters can be implemented directly onto the microfluidic chip [28] or on a different substrate and leter incorporated onto the microfluidic chip [33,34,35,36]. |
| T55 |
2246-2369 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The geometry of such a heater contributes significantly to the uniformity of the heat distribution within the chip [26,37]. |
| T56 |
2370-2496 |
Sentence |
denotes |
One method to accurately control the temperature is the use of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controlled thermostat. |
| T57 |
2497-2629 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These PID controllers are coupled to the electrical heaters and use a thermocouple as feedback-loop to the controller [22,23,24,25]. |
