PMC:7143804 / 16726-18841
Annnotations
{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7143804","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7143804","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7143804","text":"MDA is being done at temperatures of around 30 °C [50], which is lower than, for example, temperatures required for HDA (64 °C) [9] or LAMP (65 °C) [11] and the required PCR temperatures of Chung et al. (95 °C, 54 °C, and 72 °C) [28]. However, most amplification methods require a DNA denaturation step at 95 °C. Equation (2) is used to make an estimation of the required heating powers for a COC–H2O–COC stack (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil, but the thermal properties of this foil are unknown). (2) P=ΔTRth=ΔT∗Aheated∗κCOClCOC,1+κH2OlH2O+κCOClCOC,2+h Here, Rth is defined as the sum of all thermal resistances in series: (3) Rth=1h×Aheated+∑isubstancesliκi×Aheated Here, P is the required power, ΔT is the temperature difference, Rth is the thermal resistance, Aheated is the heated area, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (being 10 W m−2 K−1 for convection to air [56]), κi is the thermal conductivity of substance i, and li is the thickness of substance i. Values for κi can be found in Appendix B. From Equation (3), the product Rth×A can be defined as the sum of 1/h and li/κi. Based on this summation, one can conclude that the convective heat transfer to the air is the most present heat transfer mechanism within the system (begin almost a factor 100 higher than the heat lost in the COC and H2O). This is also evident from solving Equation (2) for every individual temperature differences within the system and also including convective heat transfer directly from the heater into the air. If a heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm is assumed, which covers both the reaction chamber and the temperature monitor chamber, and a system consisting of 1 mm COC–0.5 mm H2O–0.1 mm COC is assumed, than the heater temperatures and powers in Table 1 are required. These are all in the workable range when a COC of a proper grade is chosen (e.g., TOPAS 6017 has a Tg of 170 °C). The only side note here is that at higher temperatures, the temperature gradient through the system also becomes larger. This can be eliminated by using double-sided heating, like Chung et al. [28].","divisions":[{"label":"label","span":{"begin":527,"end":530}},{"label":"label","span":{"begin":653,"end":656}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"107","span":{"begin":393,"end":396},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"108","span":{"begin":397,"end":400},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"109","span":{"begin":401,"end":404},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"110","span":{"begin":1335,"end":1338},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"111","span":{"begin":1343,"end":1346},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"112","span":{"begin":1700,"end":1703},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"113","span":{"begin":1711,"end":1714},"obj":"Chemical"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"107","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"108","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"109","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"110","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"111","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"112","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"113","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":281,"end":284},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":1033,"end":1041},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A43","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T43","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412"},{"id":"A44","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542"},{"subj":"T43","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T44","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":149,"end":151},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":279,"end":280},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":391,"end":392},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":424,"end":430},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":883,"end":886},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":967,"end":969},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":967,"end":969},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":1042,"end":1043},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":1080,"end":1081},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":1119,"end":1121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":1119,"end":1121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":1289,"end":1290},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":1545,"end":1546},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":1672,"end":1673},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":1844,"end":1845},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":1853,"end":1854},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":1896,"end":1899},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":1900,"end":1901},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T110","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T111","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T112","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T113","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T114","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T115","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T116","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T117","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T118","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T119","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T120","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T121","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T122","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T123","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T124","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T125","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T126","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T127","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":0,"end":3},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":116,"end":119},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":281,"end":284},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":393,"end":396},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":397,"end":400},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":401,"end":404},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":1335,"end":1338},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":1343,"end":1346},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":1700,"end":1703},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":1711,"end":1714},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":1722,"end":1725},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":1846,"end":1849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":1902,"end":1904},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A91","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T91","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274"},{"id":"A92","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T92","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314"},{"id":"A93","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T93","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991"},{"id":"A94","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T94","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310"},{"id":"A95","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T95","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377"},{"id":"A96","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T96","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310"},{"id":"A97","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T97","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310"},{"id":"A98","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T98","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377"},{"id":"A99","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T99","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310"},{"id":"A100","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T100","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377"},{"id":"A101","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T101","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310"},{"id":"A102","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T102","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310"},{"id":"A103","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T103","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516"},{"subj":"T91","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T92","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T93","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T94","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T95","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T96","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T97","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T98","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T99","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T100","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T101","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T102","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T103","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":0,"end":234},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":235,"end":312},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":313,"end":1002},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":1003,"end":1044},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":1045,"end":1125},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":1126,"end":1348},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":1349,"end":1541},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":1542,"end":1802},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":1803,"end":1916},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":1917,"end":2037},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":2038,"end":2115},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T139","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T140","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T141","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T142","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T143","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T144","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T145","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T146","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T147","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T148","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T149","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]},{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32106462-16786504-69893315","span":{"begin":51,"end":53},"obj":"16786504"},{"id":"32106462-15247927-69893316","span":{"begin":129,"end":130},"obj":"15247927"},{"id":"32106462-21157218-69893317","span":{"begin":149,"end":151},"obj":"21157218"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"32106462-16786504-69893315","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32106462-15247927-69893316","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32106462-21157218-69893317","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#93eca1","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","color":"#ec939f"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","color":"#93b9ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","color":"#d3ec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#eb93ec"},{"id":"2_test","color":"#93ecd1"}]}]}}