PMC:7105881 / 26340-30935 JSONTXT

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Antigenicity and functionality Adjuvant Route Animal models Antibody response Cellular immune response Protection References\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV full-length or trimeric S protein\nFL-S and EC-S proteins Bind to SARS-CoV S1, NTD, RBD, and S2-specific mAbs MPL + TDM S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1: 2 × 105), neutralizing (\u003e 1:2.4 × 104) pseudotyped SARS-CoV (Tor2, GD03, and SZ3 strains) N/A N/A He et al., 2006a\nS andS-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro+MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (∼2.4 × 102 for S; ∼1:7 × 102 for S-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\ntriSpike protein N/A Alum hydro I.P. or S.C. BALB/c mice; Hamsters Elicits SARS-CoV S-specific mucosal and serum Abs (IgA and IgG) in mice and hamsters, blocking S-ACE2 receptor binding and neutralizing live SARS-CoV (HKU-39849 strain); induces ADE N/A Protects vaccinated hamsters from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 103 TCID50) with undetectable or reduced viral load in lungs Kam et al., 2007; Jaume et al., 2012\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV RBD protein\nRBD-Fc protein N/A Freund’s I.D. or I.M. BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs (IgG), neutralizing pseudotyped (1:6.9 × 105) and live (1:1.6 × 103) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) N/A Protects all vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50) with undetectable viral RNA and viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009b\nS318-510 protein N/A Alum; Alum + CpG S.C. 129S6/SvEv mice Elicits SARS-CoV-specific Abs (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice. Reduces neutralization after removing glycosylation Induces SARS-CoV S-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ) in mice N/A Zakhartchouk et al., 2007\nSubunit vaccines based on non-RBD SARS-CoV S protein fragments\nS1 and S1-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro + MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (1:1.7 × 102 for S1; 1:90 for S1-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\nS2 protein N/A Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV S2-specific Abs (IgG, 1:1.6 × 103) in mice with no neutralizing activity Induces SARS-CoV S2-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice N/A Guo et al., 2005\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV non-S structural proteins (i.e. N and M)\nrN protein N/A Freund’s I.P. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG (1:1.8 × 103), IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice Induces cellular immune responses with up-regulated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in mice N/A Zheng et al., 2009\nrN protein N/A Montanide + CpG; Freund’s S.C. 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BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. 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Antigenicity and functionality Adjuvant Route Animal models Antibody response Cellular immune response Protection References\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV full-length or trimeric S protein\nFL-S and EC-S proteins Bind to SARS-CoV S1, NTD, RBD, and S2-specific mAbs MPL + TDM S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1: 2 × 105), neutralizing (\u003e 1:2.4 × 104) pseudotyped SARS-CoV (Tor2, GD03, and SZ3 strains) N/A N/A He et al., 2006a\nS andS-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro+MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (∼2.4 × 102 for S; ∼1:7 × 102 for S-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\ntriSpike protein N/A Alum hydro I.P. or S.C. BALB/c mice; Hamsters Elicits SARS-CoV S-specific mucosal and serum Abs (IgA and IgG) in mice and hamsters, blocking S-ACE2 receptor binding and neutralizing live SARS-CoV (HKU-39849 strain); induces ADE N/A Protects vaccinated hamsters from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 103 TCID50) with undetectable or reduced viral load in lungs Kam et al., 2007; Jaume et al., 2012\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV RBD protein\nRBD-Fc protein N/A Freund’s I.D. or I.M. BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs (IgG), neutralizing pseudotyped (1:6.9 × 105) and live (1:1.6 × 103) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) N/A Protects all vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50) with undetectable viral RNA and viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009b\nS318-510 protein N/A Alum; Alum + CpG S.C. 129S6/SvEv mice Elicits SARS-CoV-specific Abs (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice. Reduces neutralization after removing glycosylation Induces SARS-CoV S-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ) in mice N/A Zakhartchouk et al., 2007\nSubunit vaccines based on non-RBD SARS-CoV S protein fragments\nS1 and S1-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro + MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (1:1.7 × 102 for S1; 1:90 for S1-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\nS2 protein N/A Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV S2-specific Abs (IgG, 1:1.6 × 103) in mice with no neutralizing activity Induces SARS-CoV S2-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice N/A Guo et al., 2005\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV non-S structural proteins (i.e. N and M)\nrN protein N/A Freund’s I.P. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG (1:1.8 × 103), IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice Induces cellular immune responses with up-regulated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in mice N/A Zheng et al., 2009\nrN protein N/A Montanide + CpG; Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG) in mice Induces SARS-CoV N-specific cellular immune responses (IFN- γ) in mice N/A Liu et al., 2006\nM1-31 and M132-161 peptides Bind to sera from SARS patients or immunized mice and rabbits Freund’s I.D. BALB/c mice; NZW rabbits Induce SARS-CoV M-specific Abs (IgG) in rabbits N/A N/A He et al., 2005b"}

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BALB/c mice; Hamsters Elicits SARS-CoV S-specific mucosal and serum Abs (IgA and IgG) in mice and hamsters, blocking S-ACE2 receptor binding and neutralizing live SARS-CoV (HKU-39849 strain); induces ADE N/A Protects vaccinated hamsters from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 103 TCID50) with undetectable or reduced viral load in lungs Kam et al., 2007; Jaume et al., 2012\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV RBD protein\nRBD-Fc protein N/A Freund’s I.D. or I.M. BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. 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BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (1:1.7 × 102 for S1; 1:90 for S1-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\nS2 protein N/A Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV S2-specific Abs (IgG, 1:1.6 × 103) in mice with no neutralizing activity Induces SARS-CoV S2-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice N/A Guo et al., 2005\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV non-S structural proteins (i.e. N and M)\nrN protein N/A Freund’s I.P. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG (1:1.8 × 103), IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice Induces cellular immune responses with up-regulated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in mice N/A Zheng et al., 2009\nrN protein N/A Montanide + CpG; Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG) in mice Induces SARS-CoV N-specific cellular immune responses (IFN- γ) in mice N/A Liu et al., 2006\nM1-31 and M132-161 peptides Bind to sera from SARS patients or immunized mice and rabbits Freund’s I.D. BALB/c mice; NZW rabbits Induce SARS-CoV M-specific Abs (IgG) in rabbits N/A N/A He et al., 2005b"}

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BALB/c mice; Hamsters Elicits SARS-CoV S-specific mucosal and serum Abs (IgA and IgG) in mice and hamsters, blocking S-ACE2 receptor binding and neutralizing live SARS-CoV (HKU-39849 strain); induces ADE N/A Protects vaccinated hamsters from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 103 TCID50) with undetectable or reduced viral load in lungs Kam et al., 2007; Jaume et al., 2012\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV RBD protein\nRBD-Fc protein N/A Freund’s I.D. or I.M. BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs (IgG), neutralizing pseudotyped (1:6.9 × 105) and live (1:1.6 × 103) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) N/A Protects all vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50) with undetectable viral RNA and viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009b\nS318-510 protein N/A Alum; Alum + CpG S.C. 129S6/SvEv mice Elicits SARS-CoV-specific Abs (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice. Reduces neutralization after removing glycosylation Induces SARS-CoV S-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ) in mice N/A Zakhartchouk et al., 2007\nSubunit vaccines based on non-RBD SARS-CoV S protein fragments\nS1 and S1-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro + MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (1:1.7 × 102 for S1; 1:90 for S1-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\nS2 protein N/A Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV S2-specific Abs (IgG, 1:1.6 × 103) in mice with no neutralizing activity Induces SARS-CoV S2-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice N/A Guo et al., 2005\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV non-S structural proteins (i.e. N and M)\nrN protein N/A Freund’s I.P. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG (1:1.8 × 103), IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice Induces cellular immune responses with up-regulated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in mice N/A Zheng et al., 2009\nrN protein N/A Montanide + CpG; Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG) in mice Induces SARS-CoV N-specific cellular immune responses (IFN- γ) in mice N/A Liu et al., 2006\nM1-31 and M132-161 peptides Bind to sera from SARS patients or immunized mice and rabbits Freund’s I.D. BALB/c mice; NZW rabbits Induce SARS-CoV M-specific Abs (IgG) in rabbits N/A N/A He et al., 2005b"}

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BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs (IgG), neutralizing pseudotyped (1:6.9 × 105) and live (1:1.6 × 103) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) N/A Protects all vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50) with undetectable viral RNA and viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009b\nS318-510 protein N/A Alum; Alum + CpG S.C. 129S6/SvEv mice Elicits SARS-CoV-specific Abs (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice. Reduces neutralization after removing glycosylation Induces SARS-CoV S-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ) in mice N/A Zakhartchouk et al., 2007\nSubunit vaccines based on non-RBD SARS-CoV S protein fragments\nS1 and S1-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro + MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (1:1.7 × 102 for S1; 1:90 for S1-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\nS2 protein N/A Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV S2-specific Abs (IgG, 1:1.6 × 103) in mice with no neutralizing activity Induces SARS-CoV S2-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice N/A Guo et al., 2005\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV non-S structural proteins (i.e. N and M)\nrN protein N/A Freund’s I.P. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG (1:1.8 × 103), IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice Induces cellular immune responses with up-regulated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in mice N/A Zheng et al., 2009\nrN protein N/A Montanide + CpG; Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG) in mice Induces SARS-CoV N-specific cellular immune responses (IFN- γ) in mice N/A Liu et al., 2006\nM1-31 and M132-161 peptides Bind to sera from SARS patients or immunized mice and rabbits Freund’s I.D. BALB/c mice; NZW rabbits Induce SARS-CoV M-specific Abs (IgG) in rabbits N/A N/A He et al., 2005b"}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":0,"end":137},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":138,"end":206},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":207,"end":299},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":301,"end":355},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":356,"end":473},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":474,"end":546},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":548,"end":842},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":843,"end":890},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T166","span":{"begin":892,"end":1273},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T167","span":{"begin":1274,"end":1320},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T168","span":{"begin":1321,"end":1364},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T169","span":{"begin":1366,"end":1514},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T170","span":{"begin":1515,"end":1762},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T171","span":{"begin":1763,"end":1915},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T172","span":{"begin":1917,"end":2484},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T173","span":{"begin":2485,"end":2617},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T174","span":{"begin":2619,"end":2915},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T175","span":{"begin":2916,"end":2961},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T176","span":{"begin":2963,"end":3041},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":3042,"end":3196},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":3197,"end":3259},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":3260,"end":3337},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":3339,"end":3630},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":3631,"end":3662},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":3664,"end":3870},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":3871,"end":3946},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T184","span":{"begin":3947,"end":3978},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T185","span":{"begin":3980,"end":4181},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":4182,"end":4230},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":4232,"end":4385},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":4386,"end":4492},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":4494,"end":4595},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Name Antigenicity and functionality Adjuvant Route Animal models Antibody response Cellular immune response Protection References\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV full-length or trimeric S protein\nFL-S and EC-S proteins Bind to SARS-CoV S1, NTD, RBD, and S2-specific mAbs MPL + TDM S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1: 2 × 105), neutralizing (\u003e 1:2.4 × 104) pseudotyped SARS-CoV (Tor2, GD03, and SZ3 strains) N/A N/A He et al., 2006a\nS andS-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro+MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (∼2.4 × 102 for S; ∼1:7 × 102 for S-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\ntriSpike protein N/A Alum hydro I.P. or S.C. BALB/c mice; Hamsters Elicits SARS-CoV S-specific mucosal and serum Abs (IgA and IgG) in mice and hamsters, blocking S-ACE2 receptor binding and neutralizing live SARS-CoV (HKU-39849 strain); induces ADE N/A Protects vaccinated hamsters from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 103 TCID50) with undetectable or reduced viral load in lungs Kam et al., 2007; Jaume et al., 2012\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV RBD protein\nRBD-Fc protein N/A Freund’s I.D. or I.M. BALB/c mice; Rabbits Elicits SARS-CoV S/RBD-specific Abs (IgG) in mice and rabbits, neutralizing pseudotyped (rabbits: ≥ 7.3 × 104) and live (mice: 1:4 × 103; rabbits: \u003e 1:1.5 × 104) SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain) N/A Protects majority (4/5) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (BJ01 strain, 106 TCID50), with one mouse showing mild alveolar damage in lungs He et al., 2004; Du et al., 2007\nRBD193-CHO; RBD219-CHO proteins Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs, neutralizing pseudotyped (\u003c 1:104 for RBD193-CHO; 1:5.8 × 104 for RBD219-CHO) and live (\u003c 1:103 for RBD193-CHO; 1:103 for RBD219-CHO) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) Induce SARS-CoV RBD-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) in mice Protect all (for RBD219-CHO) or majority (3/5, for RBD219-CHO) of vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50 for RBD193-CHO; 5 × 105 TCID50 for RBD219-CHO) with undetectable viral RNA or no, to reduced, viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009c, 2010\nRBD-293T protein Binds to SARS-CoV RBD-specific mAbs (neutralizing 24H8, 31H12, 35B5, 33G4, 19B2; non-neutralizing 17H9) SAS S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV RBD-specific Abs (IgG), neutralizing pseudotyped (1:6.9 × 105) and live (1:1.6 × 103) SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain) N/A Protects all vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (GZ50 strain, 100 TCID50) with undetectable viral RNA and viral load in lungs Du et al., 2009b\nS318-510 protein N/A Alum; Alum + CpG S.C. 129S6/SvEv mice Elicits SARS-CoV-specific Abs (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice. Reduces neutralization after removing glycosylation Induces SARS-CoV S-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ) in mice N/A Zakhartchouk et al., 2007\nSubunit vaccines based on non-RBD SARS-CoV S protein fragments\nS1 and S1-foldon proteins N/A TiterMax Gold; Alum Hydro + MPL S.C. or I.M. BALB/c mice Elicit SARS-CoV S-specific Abs (IgG, \u003e 1:104) in mice, neutralizing (1:1.7 × 102 for S1; 1:90 for S1-foldon) live SARS-CoV (Urbani strain) N/A Protect vaccinated mice from challenge of SARS-CoV (Urbani strain, 105 TCID50) with undetectable viral load in lungs Li et al., 2013\nS2 protein N/A Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV S2-specific Abs (IgG, 1:1.6 × 103) in mice with no neutralizing activity Induces SARS-CoV S2-specific cellular immune responses (IFN-γ and IL-4) in mice N/A Guo et al., 2005\nSubunit vaccines based on SARS-CoV non-S structural proteins (i.e. N and M)\nrN protein N/A Freund’s I.P. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG (1:1.8 × 103), IgG1, and IgG2a) in mice Induces cellular immune responses with up-regulated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in mice N/A Zheng et al., 2009\nrN protein N/A Montanide + CpG; Freund’s S.C. BALB/c mice Elicits SARS-CoV N-specific Abs (IgG) in mice Induces SARS-CoV N-specific cellular immune responses (IFN- γ) in mice N/A Liu et al., 2006\nM1-31 and M132-161 peptides Bind to sera from SARS patients or immunized mice and rabbits Freund’s I.D. BALB/c mice; NZW rabbits Induce SARS-CoV M-specific Abs (IgG) in rabbits N/A N/A He et al., 2005b"}