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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 0-8 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
6 259-306 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
7 308-318 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
8 334-358 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
9 360-368 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
13 440-444 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
14 533-537 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
15 545-551 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
18 1262-1280 Species denotes Pseudomonas putida Tax:303
19 1596-1610 Disease denotes system defects MESH:D009421
27 2317-2323 Species denotes people Tax:9606
28 2458-2464 Species denotes people Tax:9606
29 2619-2625 Species denotes people Tax:9606
30 2125-2133 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
31 2308-2316 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
32 2449-2457 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
33 2610-2618 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
39 4119-4129 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
40 3016-3021 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
41 3128-3133 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
42 3179-3184 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
43 4024-4032 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T50 243-250 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viruses
T49 259-271 SP_7 denotes severe acute
T48 272-283 SP_7;UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T47 284-306 SP_7 denotes syndrome coronavirus 2
T46 308-318 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T45 334-345 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes coronavirus
T44 360-368 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T43 440-444 SP_10 denotes SARS
T42 533-537 SP_10 denotes SARS
T41 545-551 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T40 697-702 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T39 1252-1260 NCBITaxon:1 denotes organism
T38 1262-1273 NCBITaxon:286 denotes Pseudomonas
T37 1274-1280 NCBITaxon:303 denotes putida
T36 1338-1347 NCBITaxon:1 denotes organisms
T35 2125-2133 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T34 2317-2323 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T33 2458-2464 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T32 2488-2493 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T31 2619-2625 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T30 3016-3021 CHEBI:15377;CHEBI:15377 denotes water
T29 3128-3133 CHEBI:15377;CHEBI:15377 denotes water
T28 3179-3184 CHEBI:15377;CHEBI:15377 denotes water
T27 3745-3750 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T26 3922-3927 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T25 4024-4032 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T24 4119-4129 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T2 0-8 SP_7 denotes COVID-19

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 1181-1186 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542

LitCovid_AGAC

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
p60691s9 2488-2498 MPA denotes viral load

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 0-8 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 259-306 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 259-292 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T4 308-316 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T5 334-358 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 360-368 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 440-444 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T8 533-537 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T9 735-740 Disease denotes bends http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0020797
T10 2125-2133 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T11 4024-4032 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T12 4119-4127 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 121-122 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 243-250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T3 394-395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 414-415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 452-453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 620-621 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 697-702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T8 735-740 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001927 denotes bends
T9 905-908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T10 1091-1092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1174-1175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T12 1218-1222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T13 1244-1245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 1252-1260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organism
T15 1252-1260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organism
T16 1338-1347 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T17 1338-1347 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T18 1414-1415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T19 1625-1626 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 2479-2480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T21 2530-2531 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 2590-2591 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 2629-2630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 2724-2725 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T25 3075-3076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T26 3091-3100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001777 denotes bend; (3)
T27 3091-3100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001928 denotes bend; (3)
T28 3151-3152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29 3155-3159 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001927 denotes bend
T30 3166-3167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 3168-3171 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000002979 denotes tap
T32 3219-3220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 3472-3473 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 3531-3534 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T35 3731-3732 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 3922-3927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T37 3987-3988 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T38 4479-4482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T39 4483-4484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 4496-4497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 899-904 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T2 3016-3021 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T3 3128-3133 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T4 3179-3184 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T5 4369-4371 Chemical denotes MG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73611
T6 4476-4478 Chemical denotes MG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73611

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 683-702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046794 denotes transport of “virus
T2 683-692 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-65 Sentence denotes COVID-19: mitigating transmission via wastewater plumbing systems
T2 67-370 Sentence denotes By its very design, the wastewater plumbing system is a harbinger of pathogenic microorganisms with, under some circumstances, the potential to enable airborne transmission of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
T3 371-552 Sentence denotes In 2003, WHO published a final report into a superspreading event of SARS within a housing block in Hong Kong.1 The 50-storey building had 342 confirmed cases of SARS and 42 deaths.
T4 553-754 Sentence denotes The report identified defects in the wastewater plumbing system as a transmission mode within the building, which facilitated the transport of “virus laden droplets” through empty U-bends in bathrooms.
T5 755-873 Sentence denotes This airborne transmission route was aided by bathroom extract ventilation, which drew contaminated air into the room.
T6 874-1121 Sentence denotes Since then, our research group has been investigating mechanisms of cross transmission, improvements in system design, and innovations in system monitoring, including confirmation of the wastewater plumbing system as a reservoir for pathogens.2, 3
T7 1122-1460 Sentence denotes In 2017, we published results from an experiment on a full-scale two-storey wastewater plumbing test-rig in which we used a model organism (Pseudomonas putida) to represent pathogens flushed into the system.4 Viable organisms were shown to be transmitted between rooms on different floors of a building, carried within the system airflow.
T8 1461-1543 Sentence denotes Droplet fallout resulted in contamination of surfaces within the system and rooms.
T9 1544-1693 Sentence denotes We also suggested causes of the wastewater plumbing system defects and presented a basic qualitative risk assessment for disease spread in buildings.
T10 1694-1912 Sentence denotes One important factor identified was the interconnectedness of all parts of the building by the wastewater plumbing system and, therefore, the potential for contaminated air to travel throughout the building unhindered.
T11 1913-2050 Sentence denotes We also identified the short-duration burst of contaminated air from the wastewater plumbing system that caused the cross-contamination.5
T12 2051-2134 Sentence denotes The implications of our work are far-reaching given the rate of spread of COVID-19.
T13 2135-2425 Sentence denotes The interconnectedness of the wastewater plumbing network, the sensitivity of the system to factors such as overuse, underuse, high temperatures, and high concentrations of infected people raise concerns over the practice of self isolation and the use of hospital wards as quarantine areas.
T14 2426-2562 Sentence denotes High concentrations of infected people contribute to a higher viral load in the system, thus leading to a higher risk of disease spread.
T15 2563-2669 Sentence denotes Self-isolation can lead to a greater number of infected people in a building and potential system overuse.
T16 2670-2788 Sentence denotes The use of hospital wards as quarantine areas is also a concern because of the interconnectedness of the whole system.
T17 2789-3712 Sentence denotes We recommend the following steps be taken to ensure that transmission through the wastewater plumbing system is minimised: (1) do not ignore unexplained foul smells in bathrooms, kitchens, or wash areas; (2) make sure that all water appliances in bathrooms and kitchens are fitted with a functioning U-bend; (3) to prevent the loss of the water trap seal within a U-bend, open a tap on all water appliances for at least 5 s twice a day (morning and evening) paying special attention to floor drains in bathrooms and wet rooms; (4) if the wastewater pipework from an appliance appears to be disconnected or open, seal it immediately (ie, use an elastic rubber glove to cover the end; a plastic bag and some tape will suffice, ensuring the bag has no holes); (5) if there appears to be any crack or leak in pipework, seal with tape or glue; and (6) continuously monitor whole system performance (for large or tall buildings).
T18 3713-4033 Sentence denotes The potential for a substantial viral load within the wastewater plumbing system (and therefore the main sewer system), in combination with the potential for airborne transmission due to aerosolisation of the virus, calls for wastewater plumbing systems to be considered as a potential transmission pathway for COVID-19.
T19 4034-4165 Sentence denotes The interconnectedness of the wastewater plumbing network can facilitate exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within, or even between, buildings.
T20 4166-4275 Sentence denotes This is of particular concern in high-risk transmission settings such as hospitals and health-care buildings.
T21 4276-4367 Sentence denotes Following the recommendations set out above will help to minimise the risk of transmission.
T22 4369-4539 Sentence denotes MG reports grants from Dyteqta, during the conduct of some of the studies included in this Correspondence; MG has a patent for a faulty trap identification system issued.
T23 4540-4589 Sentence denotes All other authors declare no competing interests.