PMC:7103735 / 44837-45706 JSONTXT

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    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":154,"end":158},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T191","span":{"begin":154,"end":156},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T192","span":{"begin":225,"end":229},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T193","span":{"begin":225,"end":227},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T194","span":{"begin":330,"end":338},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T195","span":{"begin":594,"end":598},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":594,"end":596},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":638,"end":645},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":700,"end":704},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":700,"end":702},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":706,"end":719},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":726,"end":745},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":793,"end":800},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A190","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583"},{"id":"A191","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T191","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A192","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T192","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583"},{"id":"A193","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T193","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A194","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T194","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A195","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T195","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583"},{"id":"A196","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A197","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T197","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A198","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T198","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583"},{"id":"A199","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T199","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A200","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T200","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583"},{"id":"A201","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82785"},{"id":"A202","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T202","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T414","span":{"begin":19,"end":27},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T415","span":{"begin":19,"end":23},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T416","span":{"begin":61,"end":69},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T417","span":{"begin":61,"end":65},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T418","span":{"begin":410,"end":413},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T419","span":{"begin":601,"end":604},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T420","span":{"begin":659,"end":663},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A414","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T414","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A415","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T415","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A416","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T416","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A417","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T417","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A418","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T418","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019018"},{"id":"A419","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T419","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019018"},{"id":"A420","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T420","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002145"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T501","span":{"begin":0,"end":1},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T502","span":{"begin":49,"end":59},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T503","span":{"begin":74,"end":82},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T504","span":{"begin":88,"end":94},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T505","span":{"begin":111,"end":117},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T506","span":{"begin":121,"end":131},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T507","span":{"begin":193,"end":194},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T508","span":{"begin":195,"end":205},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T509","span":{"begin":495,"end":504},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T510","span":{"begin":512,"end":522},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T511","span":{"begin":657,"end":658},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T512","span":{"begin":690,"end":691},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T513","span":{"begin":706,"end":719},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001091"},{"id":"T514","span":{"begin":814,"end":815},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":154,"end":156},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":189,"end":191},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T186","span":{"begin":225,"end":227},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":282,"end":291},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":292,"end":295},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":330,"end":338},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T191","span":{"begin":594,"end":596},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T193","span":{"begin":638,"end":645},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T194","span":{"begin":700,"end":702},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":721,"end":724},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":726,"end":745},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":793,"end":800},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":810,"end":812},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A181","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T181","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A182","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T181","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A183","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T183","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141424"},{"id":"A184","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T183","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25573"},{"id":"A185","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T183","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_1224"},{"id":"A186","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T186","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A187","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T186","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A188","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T188","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26216"},{"id":"A189","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T189","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870"},{"id":"A190","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A191","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T191","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A192","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T191","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A193","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T193","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A194","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T194","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A195","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T194","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A196","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16412"},{"id":"A197","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52603"},{"id":"A198","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_89981"},{"id":"A199","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T199","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16412"},{"id":"A200","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T200","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A201","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141424"},{"id":"A202","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25573"},{"id":"A203","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_1224"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":160,"end":173},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":296,"end":302},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0140352"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":296,"end":302},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0140115"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":606,"end":615},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097194"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":606,"end":615},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006915"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":851,"end":859},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070265"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":851,"end":859},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":851,"end":859},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008219"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":851,"end":859},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001906"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T369","span":{"begin":0,"end":60},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T370","span":{"begin":61,"end":133},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T371","span":{"begin":134,"end":206},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T372","span":{"begin":207,"end":261},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T373","span":{"begin":262,"end":379},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T374","span":{"begin":380,"end":469},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T375","span":{"begin":470,"end":511},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T376","span":{"begin":512,"end":600},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T377","span":{"begin":601,"end":664},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T378","span":{"begin":665,"end":682},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T379","span":{"begin":683,"end":699},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T380","span":{"begin":700,"end":720},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T381","span":{"begin":721,"end":746},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T382","span":{"begin":747,"end":803},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T383","span":{"begin":804,"end":836},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T384","span":{"begin":837,"end":869},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-PD-HP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":844,"end":850},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A33","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}

    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"1224","span":{"begin":150,"end":159},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1225","span":{"begin":189,"end":194},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1226","span":{"begin":225,"end":230},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1227","span":{"begin":351,"end":356},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1228","span":{"begin":505,"end":510},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1229","span":{"begin":590,"end":599},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1230","span":{"begin":601,"end":604},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1231","span":{"begin":606,"end":663},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1232","span":{"begin":665,"end":670},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1233","span":{"begin":672,"end":681},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1234","span":{"begin":683,"end":686},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1235","span":{"begin":700,"end":704},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1236","span":{"begin":706,"end":719},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1237","span":{"begin":747,"end":752},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1238","span":{"begin":754,"end":802},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1239","span":{"begin":804,"end":808},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1240","span":{"begin":810,"end":815},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1241","span":{"begin":837,"end":842},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1242","span":{"begin":19,"end":27},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1243","span":{"begin":61,"end":69},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1244","span":{"begin":410,"end":413},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1245","span":{"begin":282,"end":291},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1246","span":{"begin":726,"end":745},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1247","span":{"begin":844,"end":859},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1224","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1224","obj":"Gene:3553"},{"id":"A1225","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1225","obj":"Gene:4790"},{"id":"A1226","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1226","obj":"Gene:3552"},{"id":"A1227","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1227","obj":"Gene:114548"},{"id":"A1228","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1228","obj":"Gene:114548"},{"id":"A1229","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1229","obj":"Gene:3553"},{"id":"A1230","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1230","obj":"Gene:29108"},{"id":"A1231","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1231","obj":"Gene:29108"},{"id":"A1232","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1232","obj":"Gene:834"},{"id":"A1233","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1233","obj":"Gene:834"},{"id":"A1234","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1234","obj":"Gene:8517"},{"id":"A1235","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1235","obj":"Gene:3552"},{"id":"A1236","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1236","obj":"Gene:3552"},{"id":"A1237","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1237","obj":"Gene:114548"},{"id":"A1238","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1238","obj":"Gene:114548"},{"id":"A1239","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1239","obj":"Gene:8517"},{"id":"A1240","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1240","obj":"Gene:4790"},{"id":"A1241","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1241","obj":"Gene:7124"},{"id":"A1242","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1242","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A1243","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1243","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A1244","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1244","obj":"Gene:29108"},{"id":"A1245","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1245","obj":"MESH:D011188"},{"id":"A1246","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1246","obj":"MESH:D008070"},{"id":"A1247","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1247","obj":"MESH:D009336"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"A working model of SARS-CoV-induced inflammasome activation. SARS-CoV can activate both signal 1 (priming) and signal 2 (activation). Upregulation of pro-IL-1β transcription is achieved by NF-κB activation. Two mechanisms of IL-1β maturation have been proposed. In the first model, potassium ion efflux is promoted by ORF3a and E proteins, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Alternatively, ORF3a promotes ASC ubiquitination and consequent assembly of inflammasome. ORG8b interacts with and activates NLRP3. Activation of inflammasome leads to proteolytic cleavage of pro-caspase 1 and pro-IL-1β. ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD. CASP1, caspase 1. IKK, IκB kinase. IL-1, interleukin-1. LPS, lipopolysaccharides. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3. NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator. TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α."}