PMC:7102591 / 21823-23181 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"657","span":{"begin":235,"end":240},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"658","span":{"begin":738,"end":746},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"659","span":{"begin":40,"end":51},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"660","span":{"begin":459,"end":470},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"661","span":{"begin":770,"end":781},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"662","span":{"begin":1023,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"663","span":{"begin":1095,"end":1106},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"664","span":{"begin":421,"end":439},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"665","span":{"begin":610,"end":618},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"666","span":{"begin":886,"end":895},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"667","span":{"begin":1332,"end":1352},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A657","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"657","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A658","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"658","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A659","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"659","obj":"MESH:D002738"},{"id":"A660","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"660","obj":"MESH:D002738"},{"id":"A661","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"661","obj":"MESH:D002738"},{"id":"A662","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"662","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A663","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"663","obj":"MESH:D002738"},{"id":"A664","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"664","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A665","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"665","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A666","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"666","obj":"MESH:D011014"},{"id":"A667","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"667","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":76,"end":85},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":108,"end":112},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":832,"end":836},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A77","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67180"},{"id":"A78","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T78","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A79","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T79","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":832,"end":836},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A21","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid_AGAC","denotations":[{"id":"p51644s32","span":{"begin":187,"end":209},"obj":"MPA"},{"id":"p51645s8","span":{"begin":315,"end":332},"obj":"MPA"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T248","span":{"begin":421,"end":425},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T249","span":{"begin":430,"end":439},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T250","span":{"begin":610,"end":618},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T251","span":{"begin":886,"end":895},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T252","span":{"begin":1332,"end":1340},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T253","span":{"begin":1343,"end":1352},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A248","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T248","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A249","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T249","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A250","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T250","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A251","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T251","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249"},{"id":"A252","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T252","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A253","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T253","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":102,"end":107},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":108,"end":112},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":155,"end":163},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":310,"end":315},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":347,"end":348},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":444,"end":445},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":471,"end":474},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T153","span":{"begin":582,"end":588},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T154","span":{"begin":832,"end":836},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":832,"end":836},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":907,"end":908},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":909,"end":914},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":1224,"end":1225},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T177","span":{"begin":40,"end":51},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T178","span":{"begin":373,"end":377},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T179","span":{"begin":459,"end":470},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T180","span":{"begin":675,"end":680},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T181","span":{"begin":770,"end":781},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T182","span":{"begin":1023,"end":1041},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T183","span":{"begin":1095,"end":1106},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A177","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T177","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A178","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T178","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A179","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T179","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A180","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T180","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A181","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T181","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A182","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T182","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801"},{"id":"A183","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T183","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":108,"end":119},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0140253"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":108,"end":119},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045026"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":108,"end":119},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000768"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":108,"end":119},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000747"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":146,"end":163},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0038024"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":187,"end":209},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0033578"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":196,"end":209},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070085"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":0,"end":260},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":261,"end":440},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":441,"end":702},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":703,"end":1007},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":1008,"end":1167},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":1168,"end":1358},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":886,"end":895},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A73","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T73","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32205186-16115318-4826916","span":{"begin":243,"end":245},"obj":"16115318"},{"id":"32205186-16439323-4826917","span":{"begin":255,"end":257},"obj":"16439323"}],"text":"At clinically admissible concentrations chloroquine is able to increase the endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, to inhibit the toll-like receptor activity, and to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor ACE 2 [[88], [89], [90]]. All these functions may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding, resulting in a potential effect of the drug on both entry and post-entry stages of the SARS CoV infection. As a consequence, chloroquine has recently been included in at least 10 randomized controlled trials currently ongoing in China, where it is tested for the treatment of COVID-19 under various combination protocols with the anti-viral drugs mentioned above [91]. Interim results from more than 100 patients have demonstrated that chloroquine is superior to the control treatment in improving lung imaging findings, inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course at different levels of severity [92]. More recently, hydroxychloroquine was demonstrated to be more 3-times more potent than chloroquine in an in vitro study based on pharmacokinetic models (PBPK). An oral loading dose of 400 mg twice daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg given twice daily for 4 days seems to be the best option for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [93]."}