PMC:7068984 / 22506-24391 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7068984","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7068984","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7068984","text":"Based on the experience of fighting the epidemic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV previously, we may learn some lessons for some treatment strategies against coronavirus [74]. Antiviral drugs and systemic corticosteroid treatment commonly used in clinical practice previously, including neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir, etc), ganciclovir, acyclovir, and ribavirin, as well as methylprednisolone [46, 75] for influenza virus, are invalid for COVID-19 and not recommended. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a 1′-cyano-substituted adenosine nucleotide analog prodrug and shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity against several RNA viruses. Based on the data collected from in vitro cell line and mouse model, remdesivir could interfere with the NSP12 polymerase even in the setting of intact ExoN proofreading activity [76]. Remdesivir has been reported to treat the first US case of COVID-19 successfully [77]. Chloroquine is a repurposed drug with great potential to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine has been used to treat malaria for many years [78], with a mechanism that is not well understood against some viral infections. Several possible mechanisms are investigated: Chloroquine can inhibit pH-dependent steps of the replication of several viruses [79], with a potent effect on SARS-CoV infection and spread [80]. Moreover, chloroquine has immunomodulatory effects, suppressing the production/release of TNF-α and IL-6. It also works as a novel class of autophagy inhibitor [81], which may interfere with viral infection and replication. Several studies have found that chloroquine interfered with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoV [80] and functioned at both entry and at post-entry stages of the COVID-19 infection in Vero E6 cells [82]. A combination of remdesivir and chloroquine was proven to effectively inhibit the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 in 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