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article-title
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A case report of adult-onset Alexander disease clinically presenting as Parkinson’s disease: is the comorbidity associated with genetic susceptibility?
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abstract
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Background
Alexander disease is a rare neurological disease characterized by progressive spastic quadriparesis and bulbar palsy. Moreover, certain patients with adult-onset Alexander disease were often misdiagnosed as other neurodegenerative disorders.
Case presentation
Herein, we report an adult a 58-year-old woman presented with typical parkinsonism with good levodopa-responsiveness. The patient’s dopamine transporter scanning showed significant striatal depletion, while her brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral tadpole shape of medulla oblongata and bilateral high signal intensity at both cerebellar dentate nuclei in T2-weighted images, suggesting the possibility of a genetic disorder beyond Parkinson’s disease. The patient’s genetic test resulted in known pathogenic glial fibrillary acidic protein variant, indicating Alexander disease.
Conclusion
This unique case highlights genetically diagnosed Alexander disease may present with clinical Parkinson’s disease.
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Background
Alexander disease is a rare neurological disease characterized by progressive spastic quadriparesis and bulbar palsy. Moreover, certain patients with adult-onset Alexander disease were often misdiagnosed as other neurodegenerative disorders.
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title
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Background
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p
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Alexander disease is a rare neurological disease characterized by progressive spastic quadriparesis and bulbar palsy. Moreover, certain patients with adult-onset Alexander disease were often misdiagnosed as other neurodegenerative disorders.
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sec
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Case presentation
Herein, we report an adult a 58-year-old woman presented with typical parkinsonism with good levodopa-responsiveness. The patient’s dopamine transporter scanning showed significant striatal depletion, while her brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral tadpole shape of medulla oblongata and bilateral high signal intensity at both cerebellar dentate nuclei in T2-weighted images, suggesting the possibility of a genetic disorder beyond Parkinson’s disease. The patient’s genetic test resulted in known pathogenic glial fibrillary acidic protein variant, indicating Alexander disease.
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title
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Case presentation
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p
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Herein, we report an adult a 58-year-old woman presented with typical parkinsonism with good levodopa-responsiveness. The patient’s dopamine transporter scanning showed significant striatal depletion, while her brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral tadpole shape of medulla oblongata and bilateral high signal intensity at both cerebellar dentate nuclei in T2-weighted images, suggesting the possibility of a genetic disorder beyond Parkinson’s disease. The patient’s genetic test resulted in known pathogenic glial fibrillary acidic protein variant, indicating Alexander disease.
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Conclusion
This unique case highlights genetically diagnosed Alexander disease may present with clinical Parkinson’s disease.
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title
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Conclusion
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p
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This unique case highlights genetically diagnosed Alexander disease may present with clinical Parkinson’s disease.
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body
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Background
Alexander disease is a neurological disease that causes leukodystrophy and neuronal loss of brain, due to mutation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. When age of onset is high, bulbar symptoms and cerebellar dysfunctions develop gradually, requiring discrimination from adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders [1]. Herein, we report a unique case of genetically diagnosed Alexander disease comorbid, with clinically diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Case presentation
We describe a 58-year-old Korean woman who developed tremor 4 months ago. Family history was negative. The patient was taking levothyroxine 0.175 mg daily, after thyroidectomy for 1 year. On neurological examination, she showed mild rigidity and bradykinesia, more predominant in left limbs, compared to right limbs. Rest tremor was observed only in left limbs and was more predominant in the leg. Neither postural instability, nor ataxia was checked, while brisk reflexes were present on both lower limbs without pathologic reflexes. The patient had no problem with social activity, although detailed neuropsychological assessment resulted in mild cognitive impairment.
Routine laboratory work ups were unremarkable. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2-weighted images show bilaterally mottled high signal intensities at medulla oblongata and bilateral high signal intensity at both cerebellar dentate nucleus (Fig. 1a and b). Meanwhile, there is no abnormal change in basal ganglia (Fig. 1c). In addition, a sagittal T1-weighted image demonstrates considerable cervicomedullary atrophy with intact pons (tadpole sign, Fig. 1d). 18F- 2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) of the patient show severely decreased FP-CIT binding not only in the bilateral putamen, but also in the bilateral caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient (Fig. 1e), compared with normal FP-CIT imaging finding of control (Fig. 1f). Anti-parkinsonian medications improved her motor symptoms considerably. However, based on abnormalities from the brain MRI, we could not exclude the possibility of comorbidity. We further performed next generation sequencing of customized panel, targeting 95 genes associated neurologic disorders by target capture method, resulting in known pathogenic heterozygous p.Arg70Trp variant (NM_002055.4:c.208C > T) in GFAP gene [2], confirmed by Sanger sequencing method. Until now, the patient has been followed up for 18 months, and she has shown a good responsiveness to anti-parkinsonian medications.
Fig. 1 Brain MRI and FP-CIT PET imaging of the patient. a, b Brain MRI with T2-weighted axial images show typical bilateral high signal intensity at both medulla oblongata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. c No major lesions in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. d A T1-weighted sagittal image shows tadpole shape cervicomedullary atrophy. e 3-dimensional [18F] FP-CIT PET shows severely decreased dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient. f FP-CIT PET in control shows normal dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus
Discussion and conclusions
We report an adult patient with levodopa-responsive parkinsonism and known pathogenic GFAP variant. This patient did not have typical symptoms suggestive of Alexander disease. The adult-onset Alexander disease has various clinical features, mainly speech abnormalities, swallowing difficulties, frequent vomiting, lower limb spasticity and ataxia [3]. It can be found incidentally at autopsy or molecularly confirmed cases without a prior history and it is possible that the patient may never develop symptoms related to this genetic diagnosis [4]. It may be reasonable to infer that abnormalities of the brain MRI are mild, and it is difficult for them to develop symptoms, or they may develop for a lengthy time, and become chronic adaptation or compensation. In contrast, the patient showed not only typical parkinsonism, but also good levodopa responsiveness, indicating a clinical diagnosis of PD. Moreover, this was highly supported by FP-CIT PET findings of presynaptic dopaminergic depletion. To the best of our knowledge, a case of Alexander disease, with both typical parkinsonism and striatal dopamine depletion, has not been reported.
The GFAP variant, when expressed in older ages, causes neuronal loss in the brain especially in the brain stem [5]. In some reports, neuronal loss in basal ganglia are found in adult-onset GFAP variant [6–8], that presence of striatonigral neuronal loss on FP-CIT PET with GFAP variant was first described in this case. An unusual pattern of dopamine depletion with a rostrocaudal gradient in the putamen and caudate nucleus were seen, unlike in patients with PD which shows preferential depletion in posterior putamen with relative sparing of caudate nucleus [9]. The atypical dopamine depletion pattern has not been described or investigated in other Alexander disease patients in the literature and that it could also relate to the interaction of co-pathology.
We present an unusual case wherein clinical PD, and genetic Alexander disease coexist. If MRI findings suggestive of leukoencephalopathy-related disorders are observed in patients with PD, clinicians need to further investigate the possibility of genetic variant of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy, including Alexander disease.
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sec
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Background
Alexander disease is a neurological disease that causes leukodystrophy and neuronal loss of brain, due to mutation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. When age of onset is high, bulbar symptoms and cerebellar dysfunctions develop gradually, requiring discrimination from adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders [1]. Herein, we report a unique case of genetically diagnosed Alexander disease comorbid, with clinically diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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title
|
Background
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p
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Alexander disease is a neurological disease that causes leukodystrophy and neuronal loss of brain, due to mutation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. When age of onset is high, bulbar symptoms and cerebellar dysfunctions develop gradually, requiring discrimination from adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders [1]. Herein, we report a unique case of genetically diagnosed Alexander disease comorbid, with clinically diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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|
sec
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Case presentation
We describe a 58-year-old Korean woman who developed tremor 4 months ago. Family history was negative. The patient was taking levothyroxine 0.175 mg daily, after thyroidectomy for 1 year. On neurological examination, she showed mild rigidity and bradykinesia, more predominant in left limbs, compared to right limbs. Rest tremor was observed only in left limbs and was more predominant in the leg. Neither postural instability, nor ataxia was checked, while brisk reflexes were present on both lower limbs without pathologic reflexes. The patient had no problem with social activity, although detailed neuropsychological assessment resulted in mild cognitive impairment.
Routine laboratory work ups were unremarkable. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2-weighted images show bilaterally mottled high signal intensities at medulla oblongata and bilateral high signal intensity at both cerebellar dentate nucleus (Fig. 1a and b). Meanwhile, there is no abnormal change in basal ganglia (Fig. 1c). In addition, a sagittal T1-weighted image demonstrates considerable cervicomedullary atrophy with intact pons (tadpole sign, Fig. 1d). 18F- 2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) of the patient show severely decreased FP-CIT binding not only in the bilateral putamen, but also in the bilateral caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient (Fig. 1e), compared with normal FP-CIT imaging finding of control (Fig. 1f). Anti-parkinsonian medications improved her motor symptoms considerably. However, based on abnormalities from the brain MRI, we could not exclude the possibility of comorbidity. We further performed next generation sequencing of customized panel, targeting 95 genes associated neurologic disorders by target capture method, resulting in known pathogenic heterozygous p.Arg70Trp variant (NM_002055.4:c.208C > T) in GFAP gene [2], confirmed by Sanger sequencing method. Until now, the patient has been followed up for 18 months, and she has shown a good responsiveness to anti-parkinsonian medications.
Fig. 1 Brain MRI and FP-CIT PET imaging of the patient. a, b Brain MRI with T2-weighted axial images show typical bilateral high signal intensity at both medulla oblongata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. c No major lesions in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. d A T1-weighted sagittal image shows tadpole shape cervicomedullary atrophy. e 3-dimensional [18F] FP-CIT PET shows severely decreased dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient. f FP-CIT PET in control shows normal dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus
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title
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Case presentation
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p
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We describe a 58-year-old Korean woman who developed tremor 4 months ago. Family history was negative. The patient was taking levothyroxine 0.175 mg daily, after thyroidectomy for 1 year. On neurological examination, she showed mild rigidity and bradykinesia, more predominant in left limbs, compared to right limbs. Rest tremor was observed only in left limbs and was more predominant in the leg. Neither postural instability, nor ataxia was checked, while brisk reflexes were present on both lower limbs without pathologic reflexes. The patient had no problem with social activity, although detailed neuropsychological assessment resulted in mild cognitive impairment.
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p
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Routine laboratory work ups were unremarkable. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2-weighted images show bilaterally mottled high signal intensities at medulla oblongata and bilateral high signal intensity at both cerebellar dentate nucleus (Fig. 1a and b). Meanwhile, there is no abnormal change in basal ganglia (Fig. 1c). In addition, a sagittal T1-weighted image demonstrates considerable cervicomedullary atrophy with intact pons (tadpole sign, Fig. 1d). 18F- 2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) of the patient show severely decreased FP-CIT binding not only in the bilateral putamen, but also in the bilateral caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient (Fig. 1e), compared with normal FP-CIT imaging finding of control (Fig. 1f). Anti-parkinsonian medications improved her motor symptoms considerably. However, based on abnormalities from the brain MRI, we could not exclude the possibility of comorbidity. We further performed next generation sequencing of customized panel, targeting 95 genes associated neurologic disorders by target capture method, resulting in known pathogenic heterozygous p.Arg70Trp variant (NM_002055.4:c.208C > T) in GFAP gene [2], confirmed by Sanger sequencing method. Until now, the patient has been followed up for 18 months, and she has shown a good responsiveness to anti-parkinsonian medications.
Fig. 1 Brain MRI and FP-CIT PET imaging of the patient. a, b Brain MRI with T2-weighted axial images show typical bilateral high signal intensity at both medulla oblongata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. c No major lesions in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. d A T1-weighted sagittal image shows tadpole shape cervicomedullary atrophy. e 3-dimensional [18F] FP-CIT PET shows severely decreased dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient. f FP-CIT PET in control shows normal dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus
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figure
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Fig. 1 Brain MRI and FP-CIT PET imaging of the patient. a, b Brain MRI with T2-weighted axial images show typical bilateral high signal intensity at both medulla oblongata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. c No major lesions in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. d A T1-weighted sagittal image shows tadpole shape cervicomedullary atrophy. e 3-dimensional [18F] FP-CIT PET shows severely decreased dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient. f FP-CIT PET in control shows normal dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus
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label
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Fig. 1
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caption
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Brain MRI and FP-CIT PET imaging of the patient. a, b Brain MRI with T2-weighted axial images show typical bilateral high signal intensity at both medulla oblongata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. c No major lesions in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. d A T1-weighted sagittal image shows tadpole shape cervicomedullary atrophy. e 3-dimensional [18F] FP-CIT PET shows severely decreased dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient. f FP-CIT PET in control shows normal dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus
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p
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Brain MRI and FP-CIT PET imaging of the patient. a, b Brain MRI with T2-weighted axial images show typical bilateral high signal intensity at both medulla oblongata and cerebellar dentate nuclei. c No major lesions in the basal ganglia and periventricular white matter. d A T1-weighted sagittal image shows tadpole shape cervicomedullary atrophy. e 3-dimensional [18F] FP-CIT PET shows severely decreased dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus with a rostrocaudal gradient. f FP-CIT PET in control shows normal dopaminergic uptake in bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus
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Discussion and conclusions
We report an adult patient with levodopa-responsive parkinsonism and known pathogenic GFAP variant. This patient did not have typical symptoms suggestive of Alexander disease. The adult-onset Alexander disease has various clinical features, mainly speech abnormalities, swallowing difficulties, frequent vomiting, lower limb spasticity and ataxia [3]. It can be found incidentally at autopsy or molecularly confirmed cases without a prior history and it is possible that the patient may never develop symptoms related to this genetic diagnosis [4]. It may be reasonable to infer that abnormalities of the brain MRI are mild, and it is difficult for them to develop symptoms, or they may develop for a lengthy time, and become chronic adaptation or compensation. In contrast, the patient showed not only typical parkinsonism, but also good levodopa responsiveness, indicating a clinical diagnosis of PD. Moreover, this was highly supported by FP-CIT PET findings of presynaptic dopaminergic depletion. To the best of our knowledge, a case of Alexander disease, with both typical parkinsonism and striatal dopamine depletion, has not been reported.
The GFAP variant, when expressed in older ages, causes neuronal loss in the brain especially in the brain stem [5]. In some reports, neuronal loss in basal ganglia are found in adult-onset GFAP variant [6–8], that presence of striatonigral neuronal loss on FP-CIT PET with GFAP variant was first described in this case. An unusual pattern of dopamine depletion with a rostrocaudal gradient in the putamen and caudate nucleus were seen, unlike in patients with PD which shows preferential depletion in posterior putamen with relative sparing of caudate nucleus [9]. The atypical dopamine depletion pattern has not been described or investigated in other Alexander disease patients in the literature and that it could also relate to the interaction of co-pathology.
We present an unusual case wherein clinical PD, and genetic Alexander disease coexist. If MRI findings suggestive of leukoencephalopathy-related disorders are observed in patients with PD, clinicians need to further investigate the possibility of genetic variant of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy, including Alexander disease.
|
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title
|
Discussion and conclusions
|
|
p
|
We report an adult patient with levodopa-responsive parkinsonism and known pathogenic GFAP variant. This patient did not have typical symptoms suggestive of Alexander disease. The adult-onset Alexander disease has various clinical features, mainly speech abnormalities, swallowing difficulties, frequent vomiting, lower limb spasticity and ataxia [3]. It can be found incidentally at autopsy or molecularly confirmed cases without a prior history and it is possible that the patient may never develop symptoms related to this genetic diagnosis [4]. It may be reasonable to infer that abnormalities of the brain MRI are mild, and it is difficult for them to develop symptoms, or they may develop for a lengthy time, and become chronic adaptation or compensation. In contrast, the patient showed not only typical parkinsonism, but also good levodopa responsiveness, indicating a clinical diagnosis of PD. Moreover, this was highly supported by FP-CIT PET findings of presynaptic dopaminergic depletion. To the best of our knowledge, a case of Alexander disease, with both typical parkinsonism and striatal dopamine depletion, has not been reported.
|
|
p
|
The GFAP variant, when expressed in older ages, causes neuronal loss in the brain especially in the brain stem [5]. In some reports, neuronal loss in basal ganglia are found in adult-onset GFAP variant [6–8], that presence of striatonigral neuronal loss on FP-CIT PET with GFAP variant was first described in this case. An unusual pattern of dopamine depletion with a rostrocaudal gradient in the putamen and caudate nucleus were seen, unlike in patients with PD which shows preferential depletion in posterior putamen with relative sparing of caudate nucleus [9]. The atypical dopamine depletion pattern has not been described or investigated in other Alexander disease patients in the literature and that it could also relate to the interaction of co-pathology.
|
|
p
|
We present an unusual case wherein clinical PD, and genetic Alexander disease coexist. If MRI findings suggestive of leukoencephalopathy-related disorders are observed in patients with PD, clinicians need to further investigate the possibility of genetic variant of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy, including Alexander disease.
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back
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Abbreviations
FP-CIT 2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane
GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
PD Parkinson’s disease
PET Positron emission tomography (PET)
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
JP, JK, K-YK made the clinical diagnosis, and clinical management decisions. They supervised the drafting of the manuscript. JP drafted the first manuscript and reviewed the literature. S-TP, JK, K-YK revised it critically. JK supported making the diagnosis and clinical management decisions as the specialists of genetic study and performed genetic analysis of GFAP. K-YK supervised the drafting of the manuscript and revised it critically. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund to Kyum-Yil Kwon. The funding body played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
The subject gave written informed consent for the publication of any associated data and accompanying images.
Competing interests
Kyum-Yil Kwon is an associate editor of BMC Neurology.
Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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title
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Abbreviations
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p
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2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane
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p
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein
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p
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Magnetic resonance imaging
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p
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Parkinson’s disease
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p
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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footnote
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Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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p
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Publisher’s Note
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p
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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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ack
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Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
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title
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Acknowledgements
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p
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Not applicable.
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notes
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Authors’ contributions
JP, JK, K-YK made the clinical diagnosis, and clinical management decisions. They supervised the drafting of the manuscript. JP drafted the first manuscript and reviewed the literature. S-TP, JK, K-YK revised it critically. JK supported making the diagnosis and clinical management decisions as the specialists of genetic study and performed genetic analysis of GFAP. K-YK supervised the drafting of the manuscript and revised it critically. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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title
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Authors’ contributions
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p
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JP, JK, K-YK made the clinical diagnosis, and clinical management decisions. They supervised the drafting of the manuscript. JP drafted the first manuscript and reviewed the literature. S-TP, JK, K-YK revised it critically. JK supported making the diagnosis and clinical management decisions as the specialists of genetic study and performed genetic analysis of GFAP. K-YK supervised the drafting of the manuscript and revised it critically. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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notes
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Funding
This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund to Kyum-Yil Kwon. The funding body played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
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title
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Funding
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p
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This work was supported by the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund to Kyum-Yil Kwon. The funding body played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
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notes
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Availability of data and materials
The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.
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title
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Availability of data and materials
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p
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The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.
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notes
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
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title
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
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p
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Not applicable.
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notes
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Consent for publication
The subject gave written informed consent for the publication of any associated data and accompanying images.
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title
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Consent for publication
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p
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The subject gave written informed consent for the publication of any associated data and accompanying images.
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notes
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Competing interests
Kyum-Yil Kwon is an associate editor of BMC Neurology.
Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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title
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Competing interests
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p
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Kyum-Yil Kwon is an associate editor of BMC Neurology.
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p
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Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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