PMC:6562565 / 22317-22853 JSONTXT

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Lastly, cholera toxin (256), PDE inhibitors (257–259), forskolin (157) and A2AR agonists (126, 260) not only skew T cells toward the Treg lineage via induction of FoxP3 expression (126, 256–258, 260), but also enhance the capacity of Treg cells to suppress responder T cells (258–260), at least in part by upregulating CTLA-4 levels (157, 260). Thus, cAMP can potently diminish the differentiation and effector activities of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while promoting the differentiation toward Tregs, as well as their suppressive capacity.