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Competition was investigated further and confirmed by measuring uptake of tracer in the presence of an excess of individual unlabelled amino acids [300].18 Quantitative estimates of the influxes of various amino acids in rats when plasma concentrations of tracers were held constant by controlled infusions [369] or during perfusion of isolated brains [43, 370, 371] have confirmed the pattern seen using BUI measurements [300, 372] (see Table 4).\nTable 4 Influx and net flux of amino acids in the indicated species\nRat1 Rat2 Rat3 Rat4 Rat5 Rat6 Dog7 Dog7 Cat8 Sheep9 Human10 Human11 Human12 Human13 Human14\nInflux* Influx Influx Influx Influx Net Net* Net* Net Net Net Net Net Net Net\nPhenylalanine 6.5 7 8 13.2 − 0.6 0.12 0.01 2.2 0.06 0.3 − 0.5\nLeucine 6.2 15 14.5 9.7 1.56 1.28 1.9 6 5.2 3.2 2.2 0.6\nIsoleucine 1.8 4 5.7 0.78 0.46 1.5 3.1 1.2 1.4 0.7 0.3\nValine 1.3 1.8 2.9 1.26 0.37 2.7 11.0 1.7 0.8 − 1.7\nTyrosine 5.3 7 4.1 − 1.1 0 0.06 1.6 0.1 − 0.1 − 0.1\nMethionine 1.6 1.7 − 1.1 0 − 0.12 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2\nTryptophan − 1.1\nHistidine 2.5 2.5 − 1.7 − 0.23 − 0.7 0.7 − 0.3 − 1.3\nthreonine 1.2 0.8 − 3.4 0.62 − 0.1 5.0 2.6 0.1\nArginine 1 − 7.4 − 0.2 − 0.05 2 0.7 − 0.5 − 0.1\nLysine 6.2 9 − 1.1 0.58 − 1.6 2.5 − 0.3 − 0.9\nGlutamate 1.7 − 0.24 − 0.18 − 0.05 1.4 − 0.5 − 6\nGlutaminea 11.6 1 − 15.4 − 6.6 − 4.3 − 1.94 − 7.4 11.0 − 20 − 20.4\nnerv. stim.b glutamate − 1.26\nnerv. stim.b glutamine − 6.69\nValues are stated in nmol g−1 min−1. Influxes have been measured only in rats. The only available measurements of net fluxes in rats, shown in the italicized column, failed to reach statistical significance\n* Data used by Pardridge [379] in his comparison of influxes and net fluxes\naIn some columns the values are for glutamine + asparagine as the assay used detected both\nbRelease measured during nervous stimulation\n1Banos et al. [369]\n2Hawkins et al. [583]\n3Mans et al. [584]\n4Ennis et al. [415]\n5Smith and Stoll [43]\n6Brosnan et al. [378]\n7Betz and Gilboe [365]\n8Abdul-Ghani et al. [394]\n9Pell and Bergman [585]\n10Felig et al. [586]\n11Lying-Tunell et al. [587]\n12Eriksson et al. [588]\n13Grill et al. [589]\n14Strauss et al. 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