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2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"24056562-15035782-47003911","span":{"begin":1029,"end":1031},"obj":"15035782"},{"id":"24056562-15035782-47003912","span":{"begin":2502,"end":2504},"obj":"15035782"},{"id":"24056562-2862848-47003913","span":{"begin":2674,"end":2676},"obj":"2862848"},{"id":"T51072","span":{"begin":1029,"end":1031},"obj":"15035782"},{"id":"T20074","span":{"begin":2502,"end":2504},"obj":"15035782"},{"id":"T56310","span":{"begin":2674,"end":2676},"obj":"2862848"}],"text":"Material \u0026 Methods\nThis study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. The study protocol was approved by institutional animal ethical committee.\nWistar rats weighing 150-200 g body weight were used. Animals were procured from central animal house and were housed in airconditioned environment. A gap of one week was given for acclimatization of animals. They were provided with normal rat food pellet diet with water ad libitum. Rats were divided into 10 groups with eight rats in each group. All animals received drugs through intraperitoneal (ip) route in various dosage (Table I). Drugs were dissolved in normal saline. Prazosin, an alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist was additionally added to drugs to elicit mechanism of action.\nTable I Dose and duration of antidepressants in various groups of rats (n=8) Anti-inflammatory activity: Paw oedema model: On the morning of experiment, rats were weighed and baseline paw volume was measured with the aid of plethysmometer10. To ensure uniformity, lateral malleolus of left hind limb was marked in all animals so that the same length of paw is dipped in fluid each time. This was followed by administration of drugs. After 45 min of drugs administration, animals were injected with 0.1 ml of 1 per cent carrageenan in sub-planter region for inducing inflammation. Paw volume was again measured after 3 h of sub-planter injection of 1 per cent carrageenan. The paw volume and per cent decrease in paw oedema was compared between control group and drug-treated groups.\nEffect on blood pressure: For measuring blood pressure non invasive rat tail cuff-BP measuring device by Biopac (India) was used. The animals were administered with drugs (groups 1 to 6) once daily. The blood pressure was measured on days 0, 7 and 14. Digital readings of blood pressure were obtained using computerized software.\nGastric tolerability: Animals who were being administered drugs intraperitoneally once daily for a period of 14 days to check out the effect on blood pressure were used for evaluating gastric tolerability. In the control group, rats received normal saline for 14 days. On day 14, 4 h after drug administration animals were sacrificed. Each rat was subjected to midline abdominal incision, abdomen was opened and stomach was removed after ligating both oesophageal and pylorus ends. Incision was given in the stomach along greater curvature; mucosal surface was exposed and washed with normal saline10. It was then stretched and pinned on cork board. Mucosal surface was examined for erosions and ulcerations. Severity of lesions was recorded according to following scale11. 0=normal gray-coloured mucosal surface. 0.5=pink to red colouration of mucosal surface. 1=spot ulcer.1.5=haemorrhagic streak. 2=number of ulcers less than five. 3=number of ulcers more than five. 4=ulcers with bleeding. Ulcer index was calculated by adding the total number of ulcers plus the severity score. Ulcer index were recorded and compared among drug-treated and control groups.\nStatistical analysis: Results of paw oedema model, blood pressure and ulcer index are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. One way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis with Dunnett test were applied for paw oedema test. Student's t test was used for blood pressure comparisons among groups. Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis of ulcer index outcomes."}

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