PMC:3333881 / 14991-22494 JSONTXT

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    2_test

    {"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"22187158-12424381-77584445","span":{"begin":3944,"end":3946},"obj":"12424381"},{"id":"22187158-15499023-77584446","span":{"begin":3947,"end":3949},"obj":"15499023"},{"id":"22187158-17942396-77584447","span":{"begin":6891,"end":6893},"obj":"17942396"},{"id":"22187158-21664225-77584448","span":{"begin":6894,"end":6896},"obj":"21664225"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    pmc-enju-pas

    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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    bionlp-st-ge-2016-coref

    {"project":"bionlp-st-ge-2016-coref","denotations":[{"id":"T9360","span":{"begin":699,"end":701},"obj":"Anaphor"},{"id":"T9361","span":{"begin":547,"end":557},"obj":"Antecedent"},{"id":"T9362","span":{"begin":2686,"end":2690},"obj":"Anaphor"},{"id":"T9363","span":{"begin":2588,"end":2595},"obj":"Antecedent"},{"id":"T9364","span":{"begin":2608,"end":2611},"obj":"Antecedent"},{"id":"T9365","span":{"begin":4447,"end":4451},"obj":"Anaphor"},{"id":"T9366","span":{"begin":4375,"end":4378},"obj":"Antecedent"},{"id":"T9367","span":{"begin":4580,"end":4583},"obj":"Anaphor"},{"id":"T9368","span":{"begin":4514,"end":4517},"obj":"Antecedent"}],"relations":[{"id":"R7867","pred":"boundBy","subj":"T9360","obj":"T9361"},{"id":"R7868","pred":"boundBy","subj":"T9362","obj":"T9363"},{"id":"R7869","pred":"boundBy","subj":"T9362","obj":"T9364"},{"id":"R7870","pred":"boundBy","subj":"T9365","obj":"T9366"},{"id":"R7871","pred":"boundBy","subj":"T9367","obj":"T9368"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"https://bionlp.dbcls.jp/ontology/ge.owl#"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    bionlp-st-ge-2016-spacy-parsed

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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    UBERON-AE

    {"project":"UBERON-AE","denotations":[{"id":"T8411","span":{"begin":3871,"end":3882},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2000106"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    GO-BP

    {"project":"GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T10407","span":{"begin":131,"end":147},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051092"},{"id":"T10408","span":{"begin":3435,"end":3451},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051092"},{"id":"T10409","span":{"begin":3926,"end":3942},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051092"},{"id":"T10410","span":{"begin":221,"end":237},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016246"},{"id":"T10411","span":{"begin":1015,"end":1030},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_2000144"},{"id":"T10412","span":{"begin":2758,"end":2766},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056"},{"id":"T10413","span":{"begin":3165,"end":3176},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056"},{"id":"T10414","span":{"begin":3507,"end":3518},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056"},{"id":"T10415","span":{"begin":2970,"end":2973},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10416","span":{"begin":3140,"end":3143},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10417","span":{"begin":3482,"end":3485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10418","span":{"begin":3628,"end":3631},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10419","span":{"begin":4941,"end":4944},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10420","span":{"begin":5174,"end":5177},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10421","span":{"begin":3180,"end":3189},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T10422","span":{"begin":3649,"end":3658},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T10423","span":{"begin":4806,"end":4815},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T10424","span":{"begin":7171,"end":7180},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"},{"id":"T10425","span":{"begin":3318,"end":3331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003899"},{"id":"T10426","span":{"begin":3318,"end":3331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003968"},{"id":"T10427","span":{"begin":3318,"end":3331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0034062"},{"id":"T10428","span":{"begin":3728,"end":3750},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004704"},{"id":"T10429","span":{"begin":4798,"end":4815},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006189"},{"id":"T10430","span":{"begin":7163,"end":7180},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006189"},{"id":"T10431","span":{"begin":4798,"end":4815},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097294"},{"id":"T10432","span":{"begin":7163,"end":7180},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097294"},{"id":"T24183","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045289"},{"id":"T24184","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0047077"},{"id":"T24185","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0047712"},{"id":"T24186","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050248"},{"id":"T24187","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050397"},{"id":"T24188","span":{"begin":1655,"end":1668},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"},{"id":"T24189","span":{"begin":2098,"end":2101},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T24190","span":{"begin":2171,"end":2174},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T24996","span":{"begin":5769,"end":5782},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351"},{"id":"T24997","span":{"begin":6118,"end":6121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T24998","span":{"begin":6191,"end":6194},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    GO-MF

    {"project":"GO-MF","denotations":[{"id":"T10460","span":{"begin":2321,"end":2328},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10461","span":{"begin":2588,"end":2595},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10462","span":{"begin":3988,"end":3995},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10463","span":{"begin":4208,"end":4215},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10464","span":{"begin":4355,"end":4362},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10465","span":{"begin":4584,"end":4591},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10466","span":{"begin":7488,"end":7495},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T10467","span":{"begin":2321,"end":2340},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051059"},{"id":"T10468","span":{"begin":2584,"end":2595},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003677"},{"id":"T10469","span":{"begin":3984,"end":3995},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003677"},{"id":"T10470","span":{"begin":4204,"end":4215},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003677"},{"id":"T10471","span":{"begin":4351,"end":4362},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003677"},{"id":"T10472","span":{"begin":2970,"end":2973},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10473","span":{"begin":3140,"end":3143},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10474","span":{"begin":3482,"end":3485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10475","span":{"begin":3628,"end":3631},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10476","span":{"begin":4941,"end":4944},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10477","span":{"begin":5174,"end":5177},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T10478","span":{"begin":3318,"end":3331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003899"},{"id":"T10479","span":{"begin":3318,"end":3331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003968"},{"id":"T10480","span":{"begin":3318,"end":3331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0034062"},{"id":"T10481","span":{"begin":3728,"end":3750},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004704"},{"id":"T24191","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045289"},{"id":"T24192","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0047077"},{"id":"T24193","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0047712"},{"id":"T24194","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050248"},{"id":"T24195","span":{"begin":1466,"end":1485},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050397"},{"id":"T24196","span":{"begin":1586,"end":1593},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T24197","span":{"begin":1586,"end":1606},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051059"},{"id":"T24198","span":{"begin":1859,"end":1869},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003823"},{"id":"T24199","span":{"begin":1928,"end":1938},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003823"},{"id":"T24200","span":{"begin":2098,"end":2101},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T24201","span":{"begin":2171,"end":2174},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T24999","span":{"begin":5700,"end":5707},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005488"},{"id":"T25000","span":{"begin":5700,"end":5720},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051059"},{"id":"T25001","span":{"begin":6005,"end":6015},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003823"},{"id":"T25002","span":{"begin":6676,"end":6686},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003823"},{"id":"T25003","span":{"begin":6118,"end":6121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"},{"id":"T25004","span":{"begin":6191,"end":6194},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008384"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    GO-CC

    {"project":"GO-CC","denotations":[{"id":"T10433","span":{"begin":246,"end":251},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10434","span":{"begin":338,"end":343},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10435","span":{"begin":446,"end":451},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10436","span":{"begin":686,"end":691},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10437","span":{"begin":747,"end":752},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10438","span":{"begin":913,"end":918},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10439","span":{"begin":974,"end":979},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10440","span":{"begin":2536,"end":2541},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10441","span":{"begin":2924,"end":2929},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10442","span":{"begin":3777,"end":3782},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10443","span":{"begin":3969,"end":3974},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10444","span":{"begin":4440,"end":4445},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10445","span":{"begin":4476,"end":4481},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10446","span":{"begin":4570,"end":4575},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10447","span":{"begin":4895,"end":4900},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10448","span":{"begin":5146,"end":5151},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10449","span":{"begin":7307,"end":7312},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10450","span":{"begin":7372,"end":7377},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T10451","span":{"begin":399,"end":406},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019012"},{"id":"T10452","span":{"begin":2407,"end":2414},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005634"},{"id":"T10453","span":{"begin":4036,"end":4043},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005634"},{"id":"T10454","span":{"begin":2774,"end":2781},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005829"},{"id":"T10455","span":{"begin":2942,"end":2949},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005829"},{"id":"T10456","span":{"begin":4143,"end":4150},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005829"},{"id":"T10457","span":{"begin":4913,"end":4920},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005829"},{"id":"T10458","span":{"begin":4698,"end":4711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0071159"},{"id":"T10459","span":{"begin":6962,"end":6975},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0071159"},{"id":"T24202","span":{"begin":1165,"end":1170},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24203","span":{"begin":1275,"end":1280},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24204","span":{"begin":1508,"end":1512},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24205","span":{"begin":1332,"end":1339},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019012"},{"id":"T24206","span":{"begin":1859,"end":1869},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019815"},{"id":"T24207","span":{"begin":1928,"end":1938},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019815"},{"id":"T24208","span":{"begin":1859,"end":1869},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042571"},{"id":"T24209","span":{"begin":1928,"end":1938},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042571"},{"id":"T24988","span":{"begin":5345,"end":5350},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24989","span":{"begin":6246,"end":6251},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24990","span":{"begin":6327,"end":6332},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24991","span":{"begin":6457,"end":6461},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T24992","span":{"begin":6005,"end":6015},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019815"},{"id":"T24993","span":{"begin":6676,"end":6686},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019815"},{"id":"T24994","span":{"begin":6005,"end":6015},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042571"},{"id":"T24995","span":{"begin":6676,"end":6686},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042571"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    sentences

    {"project":"sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T8532","span":{"begin":0,"end":103},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8533","span":{"begin":104,"end":238},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8534","span":{"begin":239,"end":407},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8535","span":{"begin":408,"end":542},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8536","span":{"begin":543,"end":765},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8537","span":{"begin":766,"end":1060},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8538","span":{"begin":2254,"end":2747},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8539","span":{"begin":2748,"end":2951},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8540","span":{"begin":2952,"end":3103},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8541","span":{"begin":3104,"end":3369},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8542","span":{"begin":3370,"end":3668},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8543","span":{"begin":3669,"end":3758},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8544","span":{"begin":3759,"end":3951},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8545","span":{"begin":3952,"end":4152},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8546","span":{"begin":4153,"end":4500},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8547","span":{"begin":4501,"end":4725},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8548","span":{"begin":4726,"end":4922},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8549","span":{"begin":4923,"end":5048},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8550","span":{"begin":5049,"end":5205},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8551","span":{"begin":6822,"end":6976},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8552","span":{"begin":6977,"end":7204},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8553","span":{"begin":7205,"end":7503},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23911","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1157},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23912","span":{"begin":1158,"end":1870},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23913","span":{"begin":1871,"end":1998},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23914","span":{"begin":1999,"end":2216},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23915","span":{"begin":2217,"end":2253},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24351","span":{"begin":5216,"end":5339},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24352","span":{"begin":5340,"end":5567},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24353","span":{"begin":5568,"end":6016},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24354","span":{"begin":6017,"end":6450},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24355","span":{"begin":6451,"end":6555},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24356","span":{"begin":6556,"end":6687},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24357","span":{"begin":6688,"end":6784},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24358","span":{"begin":6785,"end":6821},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":0,"end":103},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":104,"end":238},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":239,"end":407},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":408,"end":542},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":543,"end":765},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":766,"end":1060},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1070},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":1071,"end":1157},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":1158,"end":1870},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":1871,"end":1998},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":1999,"end":2216},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":2217,"end":2253},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":2254,"end":2747},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":2748,"end":2951},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":2952,"end":3103},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":3104,"end":3369},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":3370,"end":3668},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":3669,"end":3758},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":3759,"end":3951},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":3952,"end":4152},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":4153,"end":4500},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":4501,"end":4725},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":4726,"end":4922},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":4923,"end":5048},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":5049,"end":5205},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":5206,"end":5215},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":5216,"end":5339},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":5340,"end":5567},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":5568,"end":6016},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":6017,"end":6450},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":6451,"end":6555},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":6556,"end":6687},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":6688,"end":6784},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":6785,"end":6821},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":6822,"end":6976},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":6977,"end":7204},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":7205,"end":7503},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Tat enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    events-check-again

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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    test2

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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    bionlp-st-ge-2016-reference

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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}

    bionlp-st-ge-2016-uniprot

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enhances the NF-κB activity by hijacking IκB-α and inhibiting the post-activation turn off of NF-κB\nWe analysed the kinetic of NF-κB activation in single round HIV-1 infection by modulating the expression of Tat with RNA interference. Jurkat cells were transfected with siRNA Tat, siRNA control, or left untransfected, and 24 h later cells were infected with HXB2 Env-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions. By cytofluorimetric analysis, ∼40% of cells was siRNA-transfected and HIV-1-infected at 12-h post-infection (Supplementary Figure S1). The expression of Tat was detected at 1-h post-infection and progressively increased up to 12 h in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely detected in siRNA Tat-transfected cells (Figure 1A). The LTR-dependent luciferase expression was also progressively induced at 1- to 12-h post-infection in untransfected and siRNA control-transfected cells, while it was barely observed in siRNA Tat-transfected cells, as expected for the Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR (Figure 1A).\nFigure 1. Tat counteracts the post-activation turn off of NF-κB in single round HIV-1-infection. Jurkat cells (5 × 107) were transfected with siRNA Tat or siRNA control (2 nmol), or left untransfected; 24 h later, cells were infected with HXB2-pseudotyped NL4-3.Luc.R−E− virions (500 ng of p24) and harvested at the indicated time. (A) Tat expression was measured in total RNA by real-time PCR, while the luciferase activity was measured in whole cell extracts. (B) Nuclear extracts (10 µg) were analysed for the p65 and p50 binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA Assay kit (Cayman). (C) The expression of p65 and IκB-α was analysed by 12% SDS–PAGE and western blotting of nuclear or cytosolic extracts (20 µg) using anti-p65 and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Histone H1 and Hexokinase II were detected with specific antibodies as markers of nuclear and cytosolic extracts, respectively. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (mock). (D) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK Kinase Assay (Cell Signaling Technology). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nThe progressive increase in NF-κB activity, as measured by p65–p50 binding to an NF-κB consensus oligonucleotide (Figure 1B) and nuclear p65 (Figure 1C, nucleus), was observed at 1- to 3-h post-infection in both Tat-positive (no siRNA or siRNA control) and Tat-negative (siRNA Tat) cells; however, at 12-h post-infection, the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated in presence of Tat (no siRNA and siRNA control), while they dropped in absence of Tat (siRNA Tat) (Figure 1B and C). IκB-α was degraded in the cytosol within 3-h post-infection and de novo synthesized at 6 h with full replenishment at 12-h post-infection in both Tat-positive and Tat-negative cells (Figure 1C, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activity was induced at 1-h post-infection, and decreased at 3-h post-infection independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 1D). Similar kinetics of NF-κB activity, IKK activation and IκB-α degradation/re-synthesis were observed in single-round HIV-1 infection of PBMCs using a cocktail of Azidothymidine (AZT) and Lamivudine (3TC) as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S2). These results indicated that in single-round HIV-1 infection the NF-κB activation initially correlated with the IKK activation and IκB-α degradation independently of the presence of Tat, and it was kept elevated in presence of Tat following the decay of the IKK activity and new synthesis of IκB-α.\nNext, we tested the single action of Tat on the kinetic of NF-κB activity induced by PMA. To this end, HeLa cells were transfected with p3x-FLAG-Tat, or empty vector, stimulated with PMA for 5 min, and extensively washed to avoid the oscillatory kinetic of NF-κB activation (17,18). In un-stimulated cells, the p65 DNA binding (Figure 2A) and nuclear p65 (Figure 2B, nucleus) were slightly enhanced by Tat, while the IκB-α content was not significantly affected (Figure 2B, cytosol). Transient stimulation with PMA increased the NF-κB DNA binding activity and nuclear p65 at 5 min peaking at 60–120 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2A and B); however, while the p65 DNA binding and nuclear p65 persisted elevated at 240-min post-treatment in Tat-positive cells, they dropped in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2A and B). In addition, Tat bound to the NF-κB oligonucleotide in un-stimulated cells and its binding increased following PMA stimulation (Figure 2A), suggesting that the viral protein was a component of the NF-κB complex bound to DNA. Degradation of IκB-α was progressively induced at 5–30 min, followed by de novo synthesis at 60 min with full replenishment at 240 min in both Tat-positive and negative cells (Figure 2B, cytosol). Consistently, the IKK activation started at 5 min, and turned off at 30 min independently of the presence of Tat (Figure 2C). These results indicated that Tat enhanced the NF-κB activity in un-stimulated and PMA-stimulated cells without affecting the IKK activity and IκB-α content.\nFigure 2. Tat enhances the NF-κB activity following PMA stimulation by associating with IκB-α and counteracting the NF-κB repression. HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with p3xFLAG-Tat or p3xFLAG empty vector (5 µg), and 48 h later were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM and harvested at the indicated times. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were prepared for further analysis. (A) Nuclear extracts were analysed for the p65, p50 and FLAG-Tat binding to the NF-κB double-stranded oligonucleotide using the NF-κB Transcription Factor ELISA assay kit (Cayman). (B) Nuclear and cytosolic extracts (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting using the anti-p65, anti-FLAG, anti-Histone H1, anti-IκB-α and anti-Hexokinase-II antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). (C) IKK activity was measured in cytosolic extracts (100 µg) by using HTScan IKK kinase assay (Cell Signaling Technology). (D) HeLa cells (5 × 106) were transfected with or without p3xFLAG-Tat (5 µg); 48 h later, cells were stimulated with PMA (5 min, 20 ng/ml) or left unstimulated, washed twice with DMEM, and harvested after 240 min. Whole cell extracts (1 mg) were immunoprecipitated with protein G-Sepharose-coupled anti-IκB-α antibody. Immunocomplexes were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and analysed by western blotting with anti-p65, anti-FLAG and anti-IκB-α antibodies. Densitometry values (D) of the bands were expressed as fold increase above the control (lane 1). Values (mean ± SE, n = 3) are shown.\nAs we previously found that Tat binds to the sixth ankyrin of IκB-α (50,51), we tested whether Tat counteracted the generation of the IκB-α/NF-κB complex. To this end, the association of IκB-α with p65 was analysed in vivo at 0 and 240 min after short-pulse PMA, which corresponded to the time of un-stimulated condition and post-activation de novo synthesis of IκB-α, respectively. Coimmunoprecipitation of IκB-α with p65 was detected at 0- and 240-min post-treatment in Tat-negative cells (Figure 2D, lanes 1 and 3), and was halved in Tat-positive cells, where Tat coimmunoprecipitated with IκB-α (Figure 2D, lanes 2 and 4), indicating that Tat competed the IκB-α binding to p65."}